Artistic Anatomy PDF
Preview Artistic Anatomy
THE GREAT FRENCH CLASSIC ON ARTISTIC ANATOMY AVAILABLE FOR THE FIRST TIME IN PAPERBACK BY Dr. Paul Richer Professor of Anatomy at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and the Academy of Medicine, Paris TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY Robert Beverly Hale Instructor of Drawing and Lecturer on Anatomy at the Art Students League, New Y)rk Adjunct Professor of Drawing at Columbia University Curator Emeritus of American Paintings at The Metropolitan Museum of Art ARTISTIC ANATOMY BY De Paul Richer Professor of Anatomy at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and the Academy of Medicine, Paris TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY Robert Beverly Hale Instructor of Drawing and Lecturer on Anatomy at the Art Students League, NewY>rk Adjunct Professor of Drawing at Columbia University Curator Emeritus of American Paintings at The Metropolitan Museum of Art WATSON-GUPTILL PUBLICATIONS/NEW YORK PITMAN PUBLISHING/LONDON Paperback edition 1986 Copyright © 1971 by Watson-Guptill Publications First published 1971 in the United States and Canada by Watson-Guptill Publications, a division of VNU Business Media Inc 770 Broadway, New York, NY 10003 www.wgpub.com Distributed in the United Kingdom by Phaidon Press Ltd., Littlegate House, St. Ebbe’s St., Oxford Library of Congress Catalog Number: 73-146794 ISBN 0-8230-0297-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems—without written permission of the publisher. Manufactured in the U.S.A. 15 16 17 18 / 08 07 06 05 Contents INTRODUCTION, 11 4. THORAX, 29 PREFACE, 13 Sternum, 29 Ribs, 29 Part One: Anatomy, 17-81 General Characteristics of the Ribs, 29 Particular Characteristics of Certain Ribs, 30 Articulations of the Thorax, 30 1. OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY, 19 The Thorax in General, 30 Classification of Bones, 19 Anterior Aspect, 30 Substance of Bones, 19 Posterior Aspect, 30 Articulation of Bones, 19 Lateral Aspect, 30 Ossification of Bones, 20 Mechanism of the Thorax, 31 Influence of Bones on Form, 20 Shoulder, 31 Clavicle, 31 Scapula, 31 2. THE SKELETON OF THE HEAD, 21 Articulations of the Clavicle, 32 Cranium and Upper Part of the Face, 21 Sternoclavicular Articulation, 32 Anterior Aspect, 21 Acromioclavicular articulation, 32 Posterior Aspect, 22 Skeleton of the Shoulders in General, 32 Lateral Aspect, 22 Mechanism of the Articulation of Inferior Aspect, 22 the Clavicle and Scapula, 32 Superior Aspect, 23 Pelvis, 32 Mandible, 23 Hip Bone, 32 Temperomandibular Articulation, 23 Articulations and Ligaments of the Pelvis, 33 The Pelvis as a Whole, 33 Skeleton of the Trunk in General: 3. THE SKELETON OF THE TRUNK, 24 Its influence on Exterior Form, 34 Vertebral Column, 24 True Vertebrae, 24 Characteristics Common to All Vertebrae, 24 Distinctive Characteristics of Vertebrae, 24 5. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER LIMB, 36 Cervical Vertebrae, 24 Bone of the Upper Arm: Humerus, 36 Dorsal Vertebrae, 24 Bones of the Forearm: Ulna, 36 Lumbar Vertebrae, 24 Special Characteristics of Particular Vertebrae, 25 Bones of the Forearm: Radius, 37 Bones of the Hand, 37 First Cervical Vertebra or Atlas, 25 Second Cervical Vertebra or Axis, 25 Carpus, 37 Sacral Vertebrae, or Sacrum, 25 Metacarpus, 37 Phalanges, 37 Coccyx, 25 Articulations of the True Vertebrae, 25 Articulation of the Shoulder, 38 Articulations of the False Vertebrae, 26 Articulation of the Bones of the Forearm, 38 Articulations of the Atlas, the Axis, Articulation of the Elbow, 38 and the Occipital, 26 Articulation of the Wrist and Hand, 38 On the Vertebral Column in General, 26 Skeleton of the Arm in General: Mechanism of the Vertebral Column, 27 Its Influence on Exterior Form, 39 CONTENTS K Transversospinal Muscles, 53 6. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER LIMB, 41 Rectus Capitis Posterior Major, 53 Bone of the Thigh: Femur, 41 Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor, 53 Bones of the Lower Leg: Tibia, 41 Obliquus Capitis Inferior, 53 Bones of the Lower Leg: Fibula, 41 Obliquus Capitis Superior, 53 Patella, 41 Rectus Capitis Lateralis, 53 Bones of the Foot, 41 Longus Capitis, 53 Tarsus, 41 Semispinalis Capitis, 54 Metatarsus, 42 Longissimus Capitis, 54 Phalanges, 42 Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis, 54 Articulations of the Hip, 42 Sacrospinalis, 54 Articulations of the Knee, 43 Serratus Posterior Superior, 55 Articulation of the Tibia and Fibula, 44 Serratus Posterior Inferior, 55 Articulation of the Ankle Joint, 44 Rhomboideus, 55 Articulations of the Foot, 45 Levator Scapulae, 55 Skeleton of the Lower Limb in General: Latissimus Dorsi, 55 Its Influence on Exterior Form, 46 Trapezius, 56 Anterolateral Cervical Region, 56 7. MYOLOGY, 47 Deep Layer, 56 Composition of Muscles, 47 Longus Colli, 56 Disposition of Muscle Fibers, 47 Scalenus Anterior, 57 Fascia, 48 Scalenus Posterior, 57 Muscular Contraction, 48 Middle Layer, 57 Muscular Force, 48 Suprahyoid Muscles, 57 Muscle Groups, 49 Geniohyoideus, 57 Antagonistic Action of Muscles, 49 Mylohyoideus, 57 Relationship of Muscles to Exterior Form, 49 Infrahyoid Muscles, 57 Sternothyroideus, 57 Thyrohyoideus, 57 8. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, 50 Omohyoideus, 57 Epicranial Muscles, 50 Superficial Layer, 57 Frontalis, 50 Sternocleidomastoideus, 57 Occipitalis, 50 Platysma, 58 Auricularis, 50 Muscles of the Chest: Intercostalis, 58 Muscles of the Face, 50 Anterior and Lateral Regions of the Chest, 58 Corrugator, 50 Subclavius, 58 Orbicularis Palpebrarum, 50 Pectoralis Minor, 58 Procerus, 51 Pectoralis Major, 58 Nasilis, 51 Serratus Anterior, 59 Depressor Septi, 51 Muscles of the Shoulder, 59 Dilator Naris, 51 Subscapularis, 59 Caninus, 51 Supraspinatus, 59 Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi, 51 Infraspinatus, 59 Levator Labii Superioris, 51 Teres Minor, 59 Zygomaticus Minor, 51 Teres Major, 59 Zygomaticus Major, 51 Deltoideus, 60 Orbicularis Oris, 51 Muscles of the Abdomen, 60 Buccinator, 51 Quadratus Lumborum, 60 Depressor Labii Inferioris, 51 Diaphragm, 60 Depressor Anguli Oris, 52 Anterior Region, 60 Mentalis, 52 Rectus Abdominis, 60 Muscles of the Jaw, 52 Pyramidalis, 61 Masseter, 52 Lateral Region, 61 Temporalis, 52 Transversus Abdominis, 61 Obliquus Internus Abdominis, 61 9. MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK AND NECK, 53 Obliquus Externus Abdominis, 61 Muscles of the Pelvis, 61 Posterior Region, 53 6 ARTISTIC ANATOMY Deep Muscles, 62 11. MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB, 70 Psoas Major, Psoas Minor and Iliacus, 63 Muscles of the Thigh, 70 Piriformis, 63 Anterolateral Group, 70 Obturator Internus and Gemelli, 63 Quadriceps Femoris, 70 Quadratus Femoris, 63 Tensor Fasciae Latae, 71 Obturator Externus, 63 Sartorius, 71 Middle Layer, 63 Internal Group, 71 Gluteus Minimus, 63 Adductor Muscles, 71 Gluteus Médius, 63 Gracilis, 71 Gluteus Maximus, 63 Posterior Group, 71 Biceps Femoris, 72 Semimembranosus, 72 Semitendinosus, 72 Muscles of the Lower Leg, 72 10. MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB, 64 Anteroexternal Region, 72 Muscles of the Upper Arm, 64 Extensor Hallucis Longus, 72 Coracobrachialis, 64 Extensor Digitorum Longus, 72 Brachialis, 64 Tibialis Anterior, 72 Biceps Brachii, 64 Peroneus Brevis, 73 Triceps Brachii, 65 Peroneus Longus, 73 Muscles of the Forearm, 65 Posterior Region, 73 Anteroexternal Region, 65 Deep Layer, 73 Deep Layer, 65 Popliteus, 73 Supinator, 65 Tibialis Posterior, 73 Pronator Quadratus, 65 Flexor Digitorum Longus, 73 Middle Layer, 65 Flexor Hallucis Longus, 73 Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollicis Longus, 65 Superficial Layer, 73 Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, 66 Plantaris, Soleus and Gastrocnemius, 73 Anterior Superficial Layer, 66 Muscles of the Foot, 74 Pronator Teres, 66 Dorsal Region, 74 Flexor Carpi Radialis, 66 Extensor Digitorum Brevis, 74 Palmaris Longus, 66 Plantar Region, 74 Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, 66 Middle Region, 74 External Superficial Layer, 66 Interossei, 74 Brachioradialis, 66 Adductor Hallucis, 74 Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, 67 Lumbricales, 74 Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, 67 Quadratus Plantae, 74 Muscles of the Posterior Region, 67 Flexor Digitorum Brevis, 74 Deep Layer, 67 Internal Region, 75 Abductor Pollicis Longus, 67 Flexor Hallucis Brevis, 75 Extensor Pollicis Brevis, 67 Abductor Hallucis, 75 Extensor Pollicis Longus, 67 External Region, 75 Superficial Layer, 67 Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis, 75 Extensor Digitorum, 67 Abductor Digiti Minimi, 75 Extensor Digiti Minimi, 68 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, 68 12. VEINS, 76 Anconeus, 68 Muscles of the Hand, 68 General Observations, 76 Middle Region, 68 External Jugular Vein, 76 Interossei Dorsales and Interossei Palmares, 68 Superficial Epigastric Vein, 76 Lumbricales, 68 Superficial Veins, 76 Muscles of the Thenar Eminence, 68 Veins of the Lower Limb, 76 Adductor Pollicis, 69 Opponens Pollicis, 69 13. SKIN AND FATTY TISSUES, 78 Flexor Pollicis Brevis, 69 Fatty Tissue, 78 Abductor Pollicis Brevis, 69 Muscles of the Hypothenar Eminence, 69 Panniculus Adiposus, 78 Fatty Tissue of Interposition, 80 Movements of the Trunk, 106 Skin, 80 Articular Mechanism, 106 Muscular Action, 107 Exterior Form during Movements of the Trunk, 107 Part Two: Morphology, 83-135 16. EXTERIOR FORM OF THE UPPER LIMB, 110 Shoulder, 110 Upper Arm, 110 14. EXTERIOR FORM OF THE HEAD AND NECK, 85 Elbow, 110 Forehead, 85 Bend of Arm, 110 Eye, 85 Posterior Part of the Bend of the Arm, 111 Nose, 86 Forearm, 111 Mouth, 86 Wrist, 112 Chin, 87 Hand, 113 Temple, 87 Rotation of the Arm, 114 , Cheek, 87 Muscular Action, 115 Ear, 87 Modification of Exterior Form, 115 Exterior Forms of the Neck, 88 Movements of the Elbow, 115 Anterior Region of the Neck and Throat, 88 Muscular Action, 116 Surface of the Sternocleidomastoideus, 88 Modification of Exterior Form, 116 Posterior Region of the Neck, 88 Movements of the Hand, 116 Posterior Triangle of the Neck, 89 Muscular Action, 116 Movements of the Head and Neck, 89 Modification of Exterior Form, 116 Articular Mechanism, 89 Movements of the Fingers, 117 Muscular Action, 90 Modification of Exterior Form, 117 Modifications of Exterior Form: Movements of the Neck, 90 17. EXTERIOR FORM OF THE LOWER LIMB, 118 15. EXTERIOR FORM OF THE TRUNK, 92 Thigh, 118 Knee, 118 Chest, 93 Lower Leg, 123 Sternal Region, 93 Ankle, 123 Mammary Region, 93 Foot, 124 Inframammary Region, 94 Movements of the Hip, 125 Back, 95 Muscular Action, 125 Spinal Region, 96 Modification of Exterior Form, 125 Scapular Region, 96 Movements of the Knee, 127 Infrascapular Region, 97 Muscular Action, 127 Abdomen, 97 Modification of Exterior Form, 127 Belly, 97 Movements of the Foot, 127 Loins, 98 Muscular Action, 128 Flank, 98 Modification of Exterior Form, 128 Pelvis, 100 Movements of the Toes, 128 Pubic Region, 100 Groin, 100 Buttocks, 101 18. PROPORTIONS, 129 Movements of the Shoulder, 102 Canons of Proportion, 129 Articular Mechanism, 102 Cousin’s Canon of Proportions, 130 Muscular Action, 103 Gerdy’s Canon of Proportions, 131 Normal Position of the Scapula, 103 The Canon des Ateliers, 131 Exterior Form of the Trunk Artistic Canons in General, 131 during Movements of the Shoulder, 103 Anthropology and Human Porportions, 131 Movements of the Arm, 104 Richer: Canon of Proportions, 132 Mechanism and Muscular Action, 104 Exterior Form of the Trunk during Movements of the Arm, 105 PLATES, 137 Arm pit, 106 INDEX, 251 8 ARTISTIC ANATOMY
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