Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology

544 Pages·2018·26.281 MB·English

by  Michael S. Fulton

_book_id:0
_book_language:en
_book_alttitle:0
_dedication_title:Dedication
_publisher_id:0
_collection_id_series:hw
 i
ArtilleryintheEraoftheCrusades
© koninklijkebrillnv,leiden,2018 | doi10.1163/9789004376922_001
ii 
History of Warfare
Editors
KellyDeVries(Loyola University Maryland)
JohnFrance(University of Wales, Swansea)
PaulJohstono(The Citadel, South Carolina)
MichaelS.Neiberg(United States Army War College, Pennsylvania)
FrederickSchneid(High Point University, North Carolina)
VOLUME122
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedat brill.com/hw
 iii
Artillery
in the Era of the Crusades
Siege Warfare and the Development
of Trebuchet Technology
By
MichaelS.Fulton
LEIDEN|BOSTON
iv 
Coverillustration:Subaybacastle,lookingeastfromtower9(Author’sPhoto).
TheLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Fulton,MichaelS.,author.
Title:ArtilleryintheeraoftheCrusades:siegewarfareandthe
developmentoftrebuchettechnology/byMichaelS.Fulton.
Othertitles:Siegewarfareandthedevelopmentoftrebuchettechnology
Description:Leiden;Boston:Brill,[2018]|Series:Historyofwarfare;
volume122|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2018025935(print)|LCCN2018033523(ebook)|ISBN
9789004376922(ebook)|ISBN9789004349452(hardback:alk.paper)
Subjects:LCSH:Catapult.|Siegeartillery--History--To1500.|Siege
warfare--History--To1500.|Crusades.
Classification:LCCU875(ebook)|LCCU875.F852018(print)|DDC
355.4/40902--dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018025935
TypefacefortheLatin,Greek,andCyrillicscripts:“Brill”.Seeanddownload:brill.com/brill-typeface.
issn1385-7827
isbn978-90-04-34945-2(hardback)
isbn978-90-04-37692-2(e-book)
Copyright2018byKoninklijkeBrillnv,Leiden,TheNetherlands.
KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,BrillHes&DeGraaf,BrillNijhoff,BrillRodopi,BrillSense
andHoteiPublishing.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedinaretrievalsystem,
ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,
withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.
AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillnvprovided
thattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,
Suite910,Danvers,ma01923,usa.Feesaresubjecttochange.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperandproducedinasustainablemanner.
 v
For Laura
⸪
vi 
ContentCsontents vii
Contents
Foreword xi
List of Illustrations xiii
Abbreviations xviii
Names xix
Weights and Measures xxi
Regional Maps xxii xxx
Introduction 1
1 Background 4
 ClassicalArtillery 4
 TerminologicalIssues 9
 EarlyTractionTrebuchetsintheNearandMiddleEast 14
 EarlyTractionTrebuchetsinEurope 25
 AppearanceoftheCounterweightTrebuchet 30
2 Mechanics 39
 Traction 40
 Counterweight 45
 TheMathematics 49
3 First Crusade 59
 Nicaea:1097 59
 Antioch:1097-98 65
 Ma‘arratal-Nu‘manand‘Arqa:1098 70
 Jerusalem:1099 72
4 Twelfth Century 87
 TheOpeningDecades 89
 Tyre:1124 97
 OffensivesofZankiandJohnComnenus 102
 TheSecondCrusadeandtheEbbofFrankishDominance 116
 Egypt:ANewFrontier 125
 TheRiseofSaladin 135
 Transjordan 139
viii Contents
5 Third Crusade 150
 TheHattinCampaign 151
 IndicationsofRangeinWesternSyriaandTransjordan 161
 Saladin’sConquestofNorthernPalestine 179
 TheFirstGreatSiegeofAcre 183
 LaterSiegesoftheCrusade 198
6 Ayyubid Period 204
 TheFifthCrusadeandNewLatinTerminology 205
 TheSixthCrusadeandWaronCyprus 219
 ContinuedInfightingandNewArabicTerminology 223
 LouisIXandtheSeventhCrusade 230
 TheMongolsandtheWarofStSabas 236
7 Mamluk Period 244
 Baybars’EarlyArtillery 245
 IndicationsofSignificantPower:1271 264
 TheSultanateofQalawun 284
 TheSecondGreatSiegeofAcre:1291 293
Plates 303
8 Influence of Offensive Artillery 322
 TheoriesRegardingtheInfluenceofArtillery 323
 SiegeLength 328
 Development,ManpowerandResources 330
 Concentricity 333
 WallThickness 334
 Entrances 348
 Dressing 349
 TowerShape 351
9 Influence of Defensive Artillery 356
 Ground-mountedArtillery 358
 Tower-mountedArtillery 362
 PossibleAyyubidArtilleryTowers 366
 PossibleFrankishArtilleryTowers 381
 PossibleMamlukArtilleryTowers 389
 OtherInterpretations 400
Contents ix
Conclusion 404
 Development 404
 Employment 407
Appendix 1: Mentions of Artillery 413
Appendix 2: Images and Technical Treatises 419
Appendix 3: Mathematical Scenarios 455
Appendix 4: Reconstructed Engines 458
Bibliography 461
Index 506
512