Artificial Recharge of Groundwater PDF
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ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER Edited by Takashi Asano California State Water Resources Control Board Sacramento, California and Department of Civil Engineering University of California Davis, California BUTTERWORTH PUBLISHERS Boston • London Sydney • Wellington • Durban • Toronto Copyright © 1985 by Butterworth Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Artificial recharge of ground water. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Water, Underground—Artificial recharge. I. Asano, Takashi. TD404.A78 1985 627'.56 84-14296 ISBN 0-250-40549-0 Butterworth Publishers 80 Montvale Avenue Stoneham, MA 02180 10 987654321 Printed in the United States of America CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS David G. Argo Environmental Sciences Assistant Manager and University of California at Riverside Chief Engineer Orange County Water District Tom Cliett Fountain Valley, California Geologist El Paso Water Utilities Takashi Asano El Paso, Texas Water Reclamation Specialist California State Water Resources Neil M. Cline Control Board Secretary Manager Sacramento, California Orange County Water District and Fountain Valley, California Adjunct Professor Department of Civil Engineering Ronald W. Crites University of California at Davis Engineering Manager George S. Nolte and Associates Rodger B. Baird Sacramento, California Laboratory Supervisor County Sanitation Districts of Los Ulrich Forstner Angeles County Professor Whittier, California Technical University Hamburg-Harburg Herman Bouwer 2100 Hamburg 90 Director Federal Republic of Germany U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory Agricultural Research Service Charles P. Gerba U.S. Department of Agriculture Associate Professor Phoenix, Arizona Departments of Microbiology and Nutrition and Food Science Jozef Cebula University of Arizona Institute for Land Reclamation and Tucson, Arizona Grassland Farming 53-333 Wroclaw, Poland Sagar M. Goyal Assistant Professor A.C. Chang Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Professor of Agricultural Engineering Investigation Department of Soil and College of Veterinary Medicine ix x ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER University of Minnesota Edward S. Kempa St. Paul, Minnesota Professor Department of Sanitary Engineering Gary L. Guymon Technical University of Wroclaw 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland Professor and Chairman Department of Civil Engineering University of California at Irvine Daniel B. Knorr Project Manager Parkhill, Smith & Cooper, Inc. Clinton W. Hall El Paso, Texas Director Robert S. Kerr Environmental Otto R. Kuntschik Research Laboratory Consulting Engineer U.S. Environmental Protection HauptstraGe 69 Agency 6095 Grinsheim-Gustavsburg 2 Ada, Oklahoma Federal Republic of Germany Otto Jennings Helweg Perry L. McCarty Associate Professor Professor and Chairman Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering and Stanford University Associate Director Stanford, California Water Resources Center University of California at Davis Medy Michail Water Quality, Wastewater and T.V. Hromadka II Environmental Engineering Division Lecturer Tahal-Water Planning for Israel Ltd. Department of Civil Engineering Tel-Aviv 64-364, Israel University of California at Irvine Hubert J. Morel-Seytoux Emanuel Idelovitch Professor Head Department of Civil Engineering Water Quality, Wastewater and Colorado State University Environmental Engineering Division Fort Collins, Colorado Tahal-Water Planning for Israel Ltd. and Tel-Aviv 64-364, Israel Maitre de Recherches Associe Centre d'Informatique Geologique Katsuyoshi Ishizaki Ecole Nationale Superieure des Chief Mines de Paris Disaster Prevention Division 77305 Fontainebleau, France River Bureau Japan Ministry of Construction Margaret H. Nellor 2-1-3, Kasumigaseki Project Manager Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Health Effects Study Japan County Sanitation Districts of Los CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xi Angeles County U.S. Environmental Protection Whittier, California Agency Ada, Oklahoma Edward T. Oaksford Supervisory Hydrologist Martin Reinhard Water Resources Division Associate Professor (Research) U.S. Geological Survey Environmental Engineering and Syosset, New York Science Department of Civil Engineering James A. Oliva Stanford University Acting Director of Operations Stanford, California County of Nassau Department of Public Works Mineola, New York Bruce E. Rittmann Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering A.L. Page University of Illinois at Professor of Soil Science Urbana-Champaign Department of Soil and Urbana, Illinois Environmental Sciences University of California at Riverside Paul V. Roberts Herbert R. Pahren Professor Office of Research and Development Department of Civil Engineering U.S. Environmental Protection Stanford University Agency Stanford, California Cincinnati, Ohio Anne Jeffrey Schneider Wayne A. Pettyjohn Attorney Professor and Head Downey, Brand, Seymour and Department of Geology Rohwer Oklahoma State University Sacramento, California Stillwater, Oklahoma Donald C. Signor G.J. Piet Hydrologist Department Head Central Midwest RASA Laboratory of Organic Chemistry U.S. Geological Survey WRD National Institute of Public Health Lawrence, Kansas and Environmental Hygiene 2260 AD Leidschendam The Netherlands John R. Smyth Project Engineer Marvin D. Piwoni Health Effects Study Physical Scientist County Sanitation Districts of Los Robert S. Kerr Environmental Angeles County Research Laboratory Whittier, California xii ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER Gordon P. Treweek Technical University Vice President Hamburg-Harburg James M. Montgomery, Consulting 2100 Hamburg 90 Engineers, Inc. Federal Republic of Germany Pasadena, California B.C.J. Zoeteman Henry J. Vaux, Jr. Director Professor of Resource Economics Department of Physics and Department of Soil and Chemistry Environmental Sciences National Institute of Public Health University of California at Riverside and Environmental Hygiene Peter A. Wilderer 3720 BA Bilthoven Professor The Netherlands PREFACE The increasing demand for water in the United States and in other countries has produced the realization that the vast underground reservoirs formed by aquifers constitute invaluable water supply sources as well as water stor age facilities. Even when all the surface water bodies, including the Great Lakes, are taken into account, over 95 percent of the freshwater available in this country is reported to be groundwater.* Natural replenishment of this vast supply of underground water occurs very slowly. Therefore, ex cessive continued exploitation of groundwater at a rate greater than replen ishment causes declining groundwater levels over the long term and, if not corrected, leads to eventual mining of groundwater. To increase the natural supply of groundwater, artificial recharge of groundwater basins is becoming increasingly important in groundwater man agement and, particularly, in the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources. Artificial recharge may be defined as augmenting the natural movement of surface water into underground formations by some method of construction; surface spreading of water in basins; or ar tificially changing natural conditions, such as by stream channel modifica tion. In the context of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, a broader term such as managed recharge may be more applicable in water resources planning. The purpose of artificial recharge of groundwater is to reduce, stop, or even reverse declining levels of groundwater; to protect underground freshwater in coastal aquifers against saltwater intrusion from the ocean; and to store surface water, including flood or other surplus water, imported water, and reclaimed wastewater for future use. To introduce the wide range of technical issues related to artificial recharge of groundwater, this book opens with an overview chapter that summarizes the state of the art of artificial recharge of groundwater and presents a synopsis of the chapters that follow. In addition, Part I presents the fundamental aspects of groundwater recharge, including the role of ar tificial recharge in groundwater basin management, recharge methods, hy draulics, monitoring, and modeling. In choosing among the several sources of available water for ground- water recharge, increasing importance has been placed in recent years on the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater. A number of factors affect the * American Water Works Association, Ground Water, AWWA manual M21, 1973. XIII xiv ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER implementation of groundwater recharge with reclaimed wastewater. His torically, the motivation for wastewater reuse has come from three funda mental considerations: (1) availability of high-quality effluent, (2) increasing cost of freshwater development, and (3) desirability of establishing compre hensive water resources planning, including water conservation and waste- water reuse. Furthermore, the availability of reclaimed water for reuse at a relatively low incremental cost and its dependability as a source of water even in a drought year are primary reasons for using reclaimed water in groundwater recharge. Thus, this book places special emphasis on the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater as a source for artificial recharge of groundwater. Pretreatment processes for wastewater and renovation of wastewater with rapid-infiltration land treatment systems are discussed in Part II of the book. Health effects of wastewater reuse in groundwater recharge are also outlined in this section. A number of artificial recharge operations using reclaimed wastewater are the subject of Part III. The cases selected represent some of the concepts and techniques that have been developed in the last decade: Water Factory 21, Orange County, California; Cedar Creek Wastewater Reclamation- Recharge Facilities, Nassau County, New York; El Paso, Texas; and the Dan Region Project in Israel. In addition, the roles of riverbank filtration along the Rhine River in the Federal Republic of Germany and bank and dune filtration of surface waters in The Netherlands are discussed. Ground- water recharge experiences in Poland and Japan are also included in Part III. The need for definitive information on the extent of contaminant re moval by the soil system and on the fate of micropollutants during ground- water recharge has been recognized and is being studied extensively. Part IV of the book specifically deals with these issues. Artificial recharge of groundwater, particularly with reclaimed waste- water, raises issues not only of water quality but also of water rights. The uncertainty of ownership of reclaimed wastewater and the liability for prob lems that might be caused by the recharge of groundwater basins with re claimed wastewater could complicate and jeopardize future groundwater recharge projects. Part V of the book evaluates these legal and economic aspects of groundwater recharge. Research needs for groundwater quality management are also discussed in this section. Artificial Recharge of Groundwater is written for civil and sanitary engineers, agricultural engineers, hydrologists, environmental scientists, and research scientists. The book is also useful as a reference for public works officials, consulting engineers, agriculturalists, and industrialists as well as for students at colleges and universities. Publication of a book of this scope and magnitude could be accom plished only with the help of many people, and appreciation is gratefully accorded to the authors of the chapters. Their contributions to the quality PREFACE XV of this book are evident. In addition, I am grateful to Paul V. Roberts and Kurt L. Wassermann who brought the important subject of water reuse for groundwater recharge to the forefront through the symposium held in Po mona, California, in 1979. Finally, I am immeasurably indebted to my wife, Holly, for the hours that she put into typing and assisting me in editing. This in-house cooperation made this endeavor much more enjoyable. Takashi Asano Davis, California PART I Overview and Fundamental Considerations :M§gl^, ^^^$, Finger Levees In San Gabriel River below Whittier Narrows Dam, California. Photo courtesy of Los Angeles County Flood Control District.
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