Artificial or Constructed Wetlands: A Suitable Technology for Sustainable Water Management

429 Pages·2018·10.56 MB·English

by  Durán Domínguez de Bazúa

Artificial or Constructed Wetlands
A Suitable Technology for Sustainable
Water Management
Editors
María del Carmen Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química
Laboratorios de Ingeniería Química Ambiental y de Química Ambiental
Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México
México
Amado Enrique Navarro-Frómeta
Universidad Tecnológica de Izúcar de Matamoros
Barrio de Santiago Mihuacán
Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla
México
Josep M. Bayona
Department of Environmental Chemistry
IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18
E08034-Barcelona
Spain
p,
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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
Cover credit: Th ree of the cover illustrations belong to Xochimilco “natural” wetland reproduced by kind courtesy
of Cand. Dr. Víctor Jesús García-Luna, the fi rst author of Chapter 1. Th e fourth one in the hexagon was taken
by Prof. Dr. Amado Enrique Navarro Frómeta, the second editor, during one of his academic visits to colleagues
in South America.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Durâan Domâinguez de Bazâua, Marâia del Carmen, editor.
Title: Artificial or constructed wetlands : a suitable technology for
sustainable water management / editors, Marâia del Carmen
Durâan-Domâinguez-de-Bazâua, Universidad Nacional Autâonoma de Mâexico,
Facultad de Quâimica, Departamento de Ingenierâia Quâimica, Laboratorios
de Ingenierâia Quâimica Ambiental y de Quâimica Ambiental, Ciudad
Universitaria, Ciudad de Mâexico, Mâexico, Amado Enrique Navarro-Frâometa,
Universidad Tecnolâogica de Izâucar de Matamoros, Barrio de Santiago
Mihuacâan, Izâucar de Matamoros, Puebla, Mâexico, Josep M. Bayona,
Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/JordiGirona,
Barcelona, Spain.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018011966 | ISBN 9781138739185 (hardback : acid-free paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Constructed wetlands.
Classification: LCC TD756.5 .A78 2018 | DDC 628.2/5--dc23
LC record available athttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018011966
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Preface
Over the last years, there has been a boom concerning the publication of new insights
on the use of artificial wetlands or constructed wetlands since they constitute a highly
promising technology for the removal of a wide spectrum of pollutants present in
wastewaters.
This book is directed to a broad audience interested in the water cycle management,
such as policy makers, local and regional authorities and universities, teaching and
learning institutions. It also will be of interest to any individual interested in rural,
suburban, and urban areas who are constructing artificial or constructed wetlands
systems at the household and/or municipal levels. The general public that wishes to
learn about this ecofriendly technology may find it useful.
This book stands out among those already available due to its holistic point of
view and treatment of the different approaches used to understand the principles of
ecological treatment systems.
The first chapter deals with the ever-increasing problem of the transformation
of natural wetlands into artificial ones due to the omnipresence of human beings that
are more concerned with the survival aspects of their lives than for the protection of
the natural environment surrounding them. The example of a UNESCO site such as
Xochimilco in the heart of Mexico City is certainly important in this context.
The second chapter deals with the prevalence of the black-box approach to
wetland design leading to a description of a new methodology for CW experimental
research. The motivation for this proposed methodology is two-fold. Firstly, it is a way
of understanding the processes occurring within the CW black-box and, secondly, it is
a useful tool for the development of design guidelines which show lower reliance on
local wetland conditions and would be more widely, or generically, applicable.
The third chapter deals with research on the transformation of atrazine, an
herbicide that is still widely used, based on microbial consortiums isolated from
wetland water samples in Xochimilco. Analytical methods were established ad hoc to
identify and measure atrazine and its metabolic products. Also, the study of the use
of indigenous bacteria and its potential to clean wastewaters and to produce electricity
considering the combination of artificial wetlands (AW) with microbial fuel cells
(MFC) is included.
The next chapter (Chapter 4) deals with the analysis of the latest documents of the
United Nations World Water Assessment Program, which leads to the conclusion that,
in the face of water scarcity, the purification and reuse of wastewater is essential. In
addition, the analysis of available technologies and their costs show that constructed
wetlands (CWs) represent a viable and functional option for the tertiary polishing of
iv Artificial or Constructed Wetlands
secondarily treated wastewaters that can alleviate problems of scarcity through the use
of municipal effluents.
Chapter 5 approaches the role of the support media on the removal of pollutants
(i.e., micropollutants and heavy metals) since for many years, support medium was
considered an inert material that was only used for the bacterial consortia establishment
or for vegetation support.
Chapters 6 to 9 report the application of this technology to case studies in three
continents, namely, Africa, Asia, and America, particularly Cuba and Mexico. Overall,
successful results were obtained which illustrates that well designed constructed
wetlands can function in different climates and under varied socioeconomic constrains
in order to achieve the goal to meet regulations on treated wastewater discharge.
Chapters 10 to 13 deal with its use for livestock effluents in a Colombian case
study funded by LIFE Programme, the EU’s financial instrument that supports projects
about environment, nature conservations and climate actions throughout the EU as
well as aquaculture effluents in the Pacific Ocean near Mexico. In these three chapters
the fate of emerging pollutants is given a consideration.
Chapter 14 explores the application of artificial wetlands to generate bioelectricity
from microbial processes in an electrochemically assisted constructed wetland aiming
to reduce greenhouse emissions while wastewater is decontaminated.
Chapter 15 presents evaluations of empirical and mechanistic models developed
to predict the removal of organic micro-contaminants and bacteria and genes that
are resistant to antibiotics through plants from the perspective of the agricultural
reutilization of treated water. Several models are presented, from simple linear
regressions based on physical, chemical, and/or physical-chemical properties of
contaminants to unsteady state mechanistic models or transient multi-compartmental
ones that are commonly used in human risk evaluations.
Chapters 16 and 20 are focused on the role of macrophytes in the uptake and
detoxification of organic micropollutants occurring in wastewaters.
Chapters 17 and 18 overview the effect of design parameters on the organic load
and nutrient removal in constructed wetlands of different configuration as well as the
use of anaerobic reactions as a pretreatment prior to CW treatment.
Finally, Chapter 19 concerns a particularly important and relevant subject—it
deals with the strategies of the operation of these ecosystems under the perspective of
the global climate change scenario.
We hope that this book will become a major reference work for the widespread
dissemination and further uptake of this successful ecotechnology.
María del Carmen Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa
Amado Enrique Navarro-Frómeta
Josep M. Bayona
Contents
Preface iii
Introduction vii
1. Xochimilco, Mexico, a Natural Wetland or an Artificial One? 1
Victor Jesús García-Luna, Marisela Bernal-González, Federico
Alfredo García-Jiménez and María del Carmen Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa
2. Rhizospheric Processes for Water Treatment—Background 25
Principles, Existing Technology, and Future Use
Uwe Kappelmeyer and Lara A. Aylward
3. Use of Artificial Wetlands as Degradation Systems of Recalcitrant 49
Contaminants and Transformers of Energy to Electricity
Aranys del Carmen Borja-Urzola, Citlaly Marisol Hernández-Arriaga,
Oscar Hugo Miranda-Méndez, María Guadalupe Salinas-Juárez,
Marisela Bernal-González and María del Carmen
Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa
4. Constructed Wetlands for the Tertiary Treatment of Municipal 67
Wastewaters: Case Studies in Mexico at Mesocosm Level
Jorge Antonio Herrera-Cárdenas and Amado Enrique Navarro-Frómeta
5. Effect of Support Media on Heavy Metals Removal in Constructed 90
Wetlands Inoculated with Metallotolerant Strains
Leonel Ernesto Amabilis-Sosa, Arroyo-Ginez-Marcela,
Ruth Pérez-González, Adriana Roé-Sosa, Landy Irene Ramírez-Burgos
and María del Carmen Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa
6. Full-Scale Applications of Constructed Wetlands in Africa 109
Diederik P.L. Rousseau
7. Application of a Multi-function Constructed Wetland for 126
Stream Water Quality Improvement and Ecosystem Protection:
A Case Study in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
C.M. Kao, W.H. Lin, P.J. Lien, Y.T. Sheu and Y.T. Tu
8. Constructed Wetlands Technology in Cuba: Research Experiences 142
Irina Salgado-Bernal, Maira M. Pérez-Villar, Lizandra Pérez-Bou,
Mario Cruz-Arias, Margie Zorrilla-Velazco and María E. Carballo-Valdés
vi Artificial or Constructed Wetlands
9. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Treatment Performance in 163
Constructed Wetlands with Ornamental Plants: Case Studies in
Veracruz, Mexico
María Elizabeth Hernández-Alarcón and José Luis Marín-Muñiz
10. Treatment of Wastewater from Livestock Activities with Artificial or 178
Constructed Wetland
José Marrugo-Negrete, Juan Figueroa-Sánchez, Iván Urango-Cárdenas
and Germán Enamorado-Montes
11. REAGRITECH Project: Regeneration and Reuse of Runoff and 194
Drainage Water from Agriculture by Treatment Wetlands
Lorena Aguilar, Ángel Gallegos, Carlos A. Arias and Jordi Morató
12. Bioremediation of Shrimp Aquaculture Effluents: 207
The Convenience of Artificial Wetlands
Otoniel Carranza-Díaz and José Guillermo Galindo-Reyes
13. Fate of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Constructed Wetlands 223
Víctor Matamoros and María Hijosa-Valsero
14. Electrochemically Assisted Artificial Wetlands: 241
Generating Electricity from Wastewater Treatment
María Guadalupe Salinas-Juárez
15. Predictive Models to Assess the Uptake of Organic 262
Microcontaminants and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Genes by Crops
Josep M. Bayona, Stefan Trapp, Benjamín Piña and Fabio Polesel
16. The Role of Macrophytes in the Removal of Organic 286
Micropollutants by Constructed Wetlands
A. Dordio, A.J.P. Carvalho, M. Hijosa-Valsero and E. Becares
17. Influence of Design and Operation Parameters in the Organic Load 326
and Nutrient Removal in Constructed Wetlands
Jason A. Hale and Joan García
18. Design and Construction of an Artificial Subsuperficial Wetland of 347
Double Cell: An Experience in Palmillas, Querétaro Mexico
Salvador Alejandro Sánchez-Tovar
19. Strategies of the Constructed Wetlands Operation under the 367
Perspective of the Global Change Scenario
Gladys Vidal, Daniela López, Ana María Leiva, Gloria Gómez,
William Arismendi and Sujey Hormazábal
20. Uptake and Detoxification of Organic Micropollutants by 387
Macrophytes in Constructed Wetlands
A. Dordio, A.J.P. Carvalho, M. Hijosa-Valsero and E. Becares
Glossary 405
Index 419
Introduction
The future of research and applications of artificial or constructed wetlands has
specific needs. Further progress requires a better understanding of the biogeochemical
processes in these systems while abandoning the black box approach. Only in this way
can treatment systems be used and appropriated by local end users in a significant and
progressive fashion. In this sense, we can highlight the following aspects:
• The future of technology will be intimately linked to the local innovation,
especially in the aspects related to flow management, the configuration of the
systems, coupling with other treatment methods, substrate media, the used plant
species, taking advantage of the local flora and the use of local waterproofing
materials. The use of enhanced removal with specific enzymatic reactions and/
or bioaugmentation should be considered. Altogether, it will contribute to the
reduction of costs and make this ecotechnology more versatile, resilient and
adaptable to local conditions.
• The growing salinization of global freshwater resources and saline intrusion into
the different coastal systems is due to several factors such as the increase in sea level
(affected by global warming), mining processes that generate significant volumes
of water with high salt content, and the disposal of ultramembrane filtration
waste and energy resources. This requires research and exploration of specific
plants and micro-organisms that can remove the afore-mentioned contamination.
In this sense, research concerning the proper management of natural wetlands
provides other opportunities to develop technological solutions for conservation
and sustainable approaches for using their capacity for wastewater depuration.
• The use of bioengineered systems for obtaining an optimal balance of aerobic
and anaerobic processes to reduce or mitigate pollution levels and specific
contaminants, as well as adequate nutrient levels in the effluent, according to
the use that it will be given. Special attention deserves the improvement in the
microbiological quality of the treated water. In this sense, we can mention the use
of design features and devices that increase the oxygen supply to the different
parts of the wetlands, the use of photocatalytic processes and of functionalized
nanoparticles hoisted for the capture of specific contaminants.
• The management of the artificial wetlands (AWs) or constructed wetlands (CWs):
Innovation in the use and/or safe disposal of plant material that has accumulated
certain contaminants and development of methods for the online monitoring of
wetlands functioning. It is also necessary to consider the technological solutions
to address changes in the quality of the water that is treated, to increase the AW or
viii Artificial or Constructed Wetlands
CW lifetime by decreasing the substrate clogging phenomena as well as to restore
these systems once they reach the end of their useful life, which will contribute to
their resilience and acceptance.
• The very nature of wastewater as a carrier of energy and of many valuable
substances. The production of bioenergy through the coupling of wetland and
microbial fuel cells is a promising field that develops rapidly at the present time.
Finally, the first editor dedicates this book to the memory of Dr. Peter Kuschk,
a great pioneer in research about artificial or constructed wetlands. Thanks to
his bonhomie and open mind young people from all over the world were warmly
received in his laboratories. Thus, the dissemination of the knowledge of this ancient
technology, used by the Aztecs to maintain pristine and clean the lakes of the Mexico
basin, has been possible. This eco-technology was not only rediscovered in Germany
in the middle of the 20th century but thanks to Dr. Peter Kuschk it has acquired a
scientific approach. He will remain in the heart of all those interested in the use of
artificial or constructed wetlands.
María del Carmen Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa
Amado Enrique Navarro-Frómeta
Josep M. Bayona
1
Xochimilco, Mexico,
a Natural Wetland or an Artificial One?
Víctor Jesús García-Luna,1,* Marisela Bernal-González,1
Federico Alfredo García-Jiménez2 and María del Carmen
Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa1
INTRODUCTION
In Mexico, most of the climates of the planet are represented, largely due to its
complex topography and geographical position as an area of confluence and boundary
of neartica and neotropical bioregions. This, together with the geological and soil
variability, makes it possible to represent, in just under 2,000,000 km2, practically
all the great ecosystems of the world. Due to these characteristics, Mexico is part of
a select group of five megadiverse countries hosting between 60 and 70 percent of
species diversity of plants and animals on the planet (CONANP 2015, 2016a). In fact,
for some authors, the group incorporates 12 countries: Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru, Brazil, Zaire, Madagascar, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia.
Others increase the list to more than 17, adding Papua New Guinea, South Africa, US,
Congo, Philippines, and Venezuela (CONABIO 2017).
1 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería
Química, Laboratorios de Ingeniería Química Ambiental y de Química Ambiental (UNAM-FQ-
DIQ-LIQAyQA), Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México.
2 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de
México, México.
* Corresponding author: [email protected]