Artificial Intelligence (Opposing Viewpoints)

258 Pages·2011·22.086 MB·English

by  Noah Berlatsky

Opposing Viewpoints
Ï OPPOSING
VIEWPOINTS*
SERIES
Artificial Intelligence
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First Amendment to the US Constitution
The basic foundation of our democracy is the First Amend­
ment guarantee of freedom of expression. The Opposing View­
points Series is dedicated to the concept of this basic freedom
and the idea that it is more important to practice it than to
enshrine it.
Ï OPPOSING
VIEWPOINTS*
SERIES
Artificial Intelligence
Noah Berlatsky, Book Editor
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Artificial intelligence / Noah Berlatsky, book editor,
p. cm. -- (Opposing viewpoints)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7377-5709-5 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-0-7377-5710-1 (pbk.)
1. Artificial intelligence. I. Berlatsky, Noah.
Q33S.A78582 2011
006.3-dc22
2010051822
Printed in the United States of America
12 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 II
Contents
Why Consider Opposing Viewpoints? 11
Introduction 14
Chapter 1: Is It Possible to Develop
Artificial Intelligence?
Chapter Preface 18
1. The Development of Artificial Intelligence 20
Is Imminent
Peter Moon and Vernor Vinge
2. Artificial Brains Are Imminent ... Not! 25
John Horgan
3. Christianity Allows for the Possibility 30
of Artificial Intelligence
Russell C. Bjork
4. Christianity Suggests Limits 42
to Artificial Intelligence
Harry Plantinga
5. The Possibility of Artificial Intelligence Depends 49
on How Intelligence Is Defined
Stuart /. Russell and Peter Norvig
6. Artificial Intelligence Based on Insects 57
Seems Possible Soon
The Economist
Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography 64
Chapter 2: What Does the Turing Test
Reveal About Artificial Intelligence?
Chapter Preface 66
1. The Turing Test Is a Good Test 68
of Artificial Intelligence
Virginia Savova and Leonid Peshkin
2. The Turing lest Cannot Prove 78
Artificial Intelligence
Mark Halpern
3. An AI Computer Will Pass the Turing Test 90
Relatively Soon
Ben Hardwidge
4. No AI Computer Will Pass the Turing Test 99
Yaakov Menken
5. Computers Use Tricks to Fool Some Judges 103
in Turing Tests
Melissa Lafsky
6. If the Turing Test Is Abandoned, 110
Another Challenging Problem Is Needed
to Focus Research Efforts
Paul R. Cohen
Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography 122
Chapter 3: What Ethical Issues Are
Raised by Artificial Intelligence?
Chapter Preface 124
1. Friendly AI Is Needed to Protect Humans 126
from Unethical Super-Robots
Eliezer Yudkowsky
2. Exaggerated Claims for Artificial Intelligence 135
Lead to Ethical Problems
Nic Fleming and Noel Sharkey
3. AI Robots Should Be Considered Moral Agents 141
John P. Sullins III
4. AI Robots Should Not Be Considered 155
Moral Agents
Ioanna j. Bryson
5. AI Robots Cannot Be Made to Be Ethical Actors 169
Drew McDermott
6. AI Military Robots Can Be Programmed 175
to Act Ethically
Patrick Lin, George Bekey; and Keith Abney
Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography 181
Chapter 4: What Are Some Valuable
Applications of Artificial Intelligence?
Chapter Preface 183
1. Artificial Intelligence May Change Warfare 185
in Dangerous Ways
Mark Herman and Art Fritzson
2. Artificial Intelligence Can Improve Military 195
Decision Making
Gabriela Prelipcean, Mircea Boscoianu, and
Florin Moisescu
3. AI Smart Cars Will Transform Highway 199
Safety and Congestion
Randal O'Toole
4. AI Smart Cars Will Have Only a Limited 209
Effect on Safety
Steve G. Steinberg
5. AI Research and Video Games Benefit 217
One Another
Jonathan Schaeffer, Vadim Bulitko, and
Michael Buro
6. Artificial Intelligence and Chess Have Not 229
Necessarily Benefited One Another
Garry Kasparov
Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography 234
For Further Discussion 235
Organizations to Contact 237
Bibliography of Books 242
Index 245