Artificial Intelligence in Perspective

444 Pages·1994·25.27 MB·English

by  Daniel G. Bobrow

Artificial Intelligence in Perspective
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Special Issues of Artzflcial Intelligence: An International Journal
The titles in this series are paperback, readily accessible editions of the Special Volumes of
Arrficial Intelligence: An International Journal, edited by Daniel G. Bobrow and produced by
special agreement with Elsevier Science Publishers B .V.
Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems, edited by Daniel G. Bobrow, 1985.
Geometric Reasoning, edited by Deekpak Kapur and Joseph L. Mundy, 1989.
Machine Learning: Paradigms and Methods, edited by Jaime Carbonell, 1990.
Artificial Intelligence and Learning Environments, edited by William J. Clancey and Elliot
Soloway, 1990.
Connecrionist Symbol Processing, edited by G. E. Hinton, 1991.
Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, edited by David Kirsh, 1992.
Knowledge Representation, edited by Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque, and Raymond
Reiter, 1992.
Constraint-Based Reasoning, edited by Eugene C, Freuder and Alan K. Mackworth, 1994,
Art ficial Intelligence in Perspective, edited by Daniel G. Bobrow, 1994.
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Artificial Intelligence in Perspective
edited by
Daniel G. Bobrow
A Bradford Book
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England
Copp yyrriigghh tteedd MMaatteerriiaall
First MIT Press edition, 1994
© 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or
mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval)
without permission in writing from the publisher.
Reprinted from Artificial Intelligence: An International Journal, Volume 59, Numbers 1-2, 1993.
The MIT Press has exclusive license to sell this English-language book edition throughout the
world.
Printed and bound in the United States of America. This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Artificial intelligence in perspective I edited by Daniel G. Bobrow - ist MIT Press ed.
p. cm. - (Special issues of Artificial intelligence, an international journal)
"A Bradford book."
Reprinted from Artificial intelligence, an international journal, vol. 59, nos. 1-2, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN O-262-52186-5 (alk. paper)
1. Artificial intelligence. I. Bobrow, Daniel Gureasko. II. Series.
Q335.A7871442 1994
006.3dc2O 93-21601
CIP
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CONTENTS
DG. Bobrow
Dedication [ARTINT 10211
Artificial intelligence in perspective
D.G. Bobrow
Artificial intelligence in perspective: a retrospective on fifty
volumes of the Artificial Intelligence Journal ARTINT 1022] 5
Foundations 21
J. McCarthy
History of circumscription [ARTINT 1020] 23
R.C. Moore
Autoepistemic logic revisited [ARTINT 984] 27
A. Newell
Reflections on the knowledge level [ARTINT 986] 31
N.J. Nilsson
Probabilistic logic revisited IAIRTINT 985] 39
J. Gordon and E.H. Shortliffe
A method for managing evidential reasoning in a hierarchical
hypothesis spacea retrospective ]ARTÌNT 996] 43
J. Pearl
Belief networks revisited [ARTINT 997] 49
A.K. Mackworth and E.G. Freuder
The complexity of constraint satisfaction revisited [ARTINT 988] 57
J. de Kleer
A perspective on assumption-based truth maintenance [ARTINT987] 63
Vision 69
HG. Barrow and J.M. Tenenbaum
Retrospective on "Interpreting line drawings as three-dimen-
sional surfaces" [ARTINT 999J 71
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vi Contents
B.K.P. Horn and B. Schunck
Determining optical flow [ARTINT 1000] 81
K. Ikeuchi
Comment on: "Numerical shape from shading and occluding
boundaries" 1ARTINT lool} 89
T. Kanade
From a real chair to a negative chair EARTINT 1002] 95
Qualitative reasoning 103
J. de Kleer
A view on qualitative physics ARTINT 990] 105
K.D. Forbus
Qualitative process theory: twelve years after ]ARTINT 991] 115
B.J. Kuipers
Reasoning with qualitative models ]ARTINT 9941 125
B.J. Kuipers
Qualitative simulation: then and now IARTINT 9951 133
Y Iwasaki and H.A. Simon
Retrospective on "Causality in device behavior" EARTINT 993] 141
Diagnosis 147
R. Davis
Retrospective on "Diagnostic reasoning based on structure and
behavior" [ARTINT 989] 149
M.R. Genesereth
From Dart to Designworld: a chronicle of research on automated
engineering in the Stanford Logic Group ARTINT 992] 159
P. Szolovits and SG. Pauker
Categorical and probabilistic reasoning in medicine revisited
IARTINT 998] 167
R. Davis, B.G. Buchanan and E.H. Shortliffe
Retrospective on "Production rules as a representation for a
knowledge-based consultation program" [ARTINT 9781 181
WJ. Clancey
Notes on "Heuristic classification" ARTINT 9761 191
WJ. Glance y
Notes on "Epistemology of a rule-based expert system" ARTINT
197
9771
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Contents vii
Architectures 205
J.S. Aikins
Prototypical knowledge for expert systems: a retrospective anal-
ysis [ARTINT 975] 207
B. Hayes-Roth
Intelligent control [ARTINT 979] 213
M.J. Stefik, J.S. Aikens, R. Balzer, J. Benoit, L. Birnbaum, F.
Hayes-Roth and E.D. Sacerdoti
Retrospective on s'The organization of expert systems, a
tutorial" [ARTINT 982] 221
Systems 225
R.E. Fikes and N.J. Niisson
STRIPS, a retrospective [ARTINT 980] 227
E.A. Feigenbaum and B.G. Buchanan
DENDRAL and Meta-DENDRAL: roots of knowledge systems
and expert system applications [ARTINT 983] 233
J. McDermott
Rl ("XCON") at age 12: lessons from an elementary school
achiever [ARTINT 981] 241
Allen Newell 249
H.A. Simon
Allen Newell: the entry into complex information processing
[ARTINT 1023] 251
M.J. Stefik and S.W. Smoliar
Eight reviews of Unified Theories of Cognition and a response
(Editorial) [ARTINT 1008] 261
M.A. Arbib
Book Review of Unified Theories of Cognition (Allen Newell)
]ARTINT 1009] 265
D.C. Dennett
Book Review of Unified Theories of Cognition (Allen Newell)
[ARTINT 1010] 285
M. Fehling
Unified theories of cognition: modeling cognitive competence
(Book Review) [ARTINT 1011] 295
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viii
Contents
8. Hayes-Roth
On building integrated cognitive agents: a review of Allen
Newell's Unified Theories of Cognition [ARTINT 1012] 329
M. Minsky
Book Review of Unified Theories of Cognition (Allen Newell)
]ARTINT 1013] 343
J.B. Pollack
On wings of knowledge: a review of Allen Newell's Unified
Theories of Cognition ]ARTINT 1014] 355
D. Purves
Brain or mind? A review of Allen Newell's Unified Theories of
Cognition [ARTINT 1015] 371
R.C. Schank and MY Jona
Issues for psychology, Al, and education: a review of Newell's
Unified Theories of Cognition [ARTINIT 10161 375
PS. Rosenbloom and J.E. Laird
On Unified Theories of Cognition: a response to the reviews
[ARTI NT 1017] 389
PE. Agre
Interview with Allen Newell [ARTINT 1024] 415
Index 451
Copyrighted Material
Artificial Intelligence 59 (1993) 1-3
Elsevier
ARTINT 1021
Dedication
Daniel G. Bobrow
Xerox Corporation, Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alio,
CA 94304, USA
This volume of Artificial Intelligence is dedicated to the memory of Allen
Newell who died July 19, 1992. As a retrospective on AI, it is most ap-
propriate for Newell, who is one of the founders of the field of artificial
intelligence. Allen was a scientist with grand dreams. He wanted to develop
a scientific model of intelligenceone that would capture the architecture
of the human mind. He worked all his life to achieve that dream.
Allen was a very special human being. He had the capacity to see through
to the core of a problem and to propose interesting first steps towards a
solution. And he shared his great skills. He carried on his broad shoulders a
large enthusiastic group of students, collaborators, friends and organizations.
He always made time for an interesting conversation, an organization that
needed focusing, or a friend who needed counselling. His wisdom was
admired by scientists young and old. As Marvin Minsky wrote (personal
communication):
Allen Newell was among the most profound thinkers of our
century, right along with Freud, McCulloch, and Piaget (and
Simon, of course). It was a privilege to know Allenand what
great times we had in those early days. Although we were roughly
the same age, I sometimes imagined him as a sort of superior
being dwelling out there, be it at CMU or RAND, who could
always be depended on to resolve any sort of conceptual impasse
that might arise. The world seems less resourceful now.
Allen was given many of the scientific communities highest honors for
his contributions. These include the A.M. Turing Award of the ACM (with
Correspondence to: D.G. Bobrow, Xerox Corporation, Palo Alto Research Center, 3333
Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. E-mail: [email protected].
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2 D. G. Bobrow
Simon), the Harry Goode Award of AFIPS, the Emanuel R. Piore Award
of the IEEE, the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the APA,
the Career Research Excellence Award of IJCAI, the Franklin Institute's
Louis E. Levy Medal, and the National Medal of Science. He was the first
president of the AAAI, and served as Chair of the Cognitive Science Society.
Allen lived for his science. When he found out about hiscancer, he thought
about what he wanted to do for what he estimated as his last five years.
His conclusion was that continuing his research was the most fun and most
important thing he could do. He was determined to make as much progress
as he could on his lifetime goal: building an understanding of the human
mind.
Allen's work on this dream is represented in this volume in several ways.
The main body of this volume is a set of retrospectives by authors of highly
cited papers that have appeared in Artificial Intelligence. This includes an
essay by Newell commenting on his paper "The knowledge level".
In a separate section devoted to Newell, we start with a look at how
Newell came into (and helped found) the field of artificial intelligence
though a short essay by Newell's long-time friend and collaborator, Herbert
Simon. Allen Newell's recent views on the possibilities of developing an
architecture of intelligence are summed up in his book UnifIed Theories of
Cognition. We are happy to include in this volume a set of reviews of this
book gathered and edited by the Artificial Intelligence Journal Book Review
Editors, Mark Stefik and Stephen Smoliar. These reviews were written before
Allen's death, with the happy expectation that Allen would respond to the
criticisms and alternative proposals of the reviewers. Although Allen knew
about this project, he did not have a chance to write his own response. Paul
Rosenbloom and John Laird, former students and current collaborators of
Newell, have provided an excellent response in his stead. But we all wish
that Newell himself were still here to continue the intellectual/scientific
discussion he so enjoyed.
Finally, we have the opportunity to hear Allen's own words as he reflects
on his book, and his approach to the grand challenge. In the summer of
1991 Phil Agre held an extended interview with Allen. Phil edited the
transcript of the tape, and Allen commented on that draft of the interview.
This published version reflects Phil's understanding of the changes that Allen
requested, but Newell never saw the final form. The interview is a different
'Philip E. Agre is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at the
University of California, San Diego. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1989. Along with Stanley J. Rosenschein, he is
currently editing a forthcoming special issue of Artificial Intelligence entitled "Computational
Theories of Interaction and Agency". His book, whose working title is Computation and Human
Experience, will be published by Cambridge University Press in the foreseeable future.
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