Artificial Intelligence in Education

820 Pages·1999·44.3 MB·English

by  S.P. Lajoie

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
and Applications
Series Editors: J. Breuker, R. Lopez de Mdntaras, S. Ohsuga and W. Swartout
Volume 50
Previously published in this series:
Vol. 49, P. McNamara and H. Prakken (Eds.), Norms, Logics and Information Systems
Vol. 48, P. Navrat and H. Ueno (Eds.), Knowledge-Based Software Engineering
Vol. 47, M.T. Escrig and F. Toledo, Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Theory and Practice
Vol. 46, N. Guarino (Ed.), Formal Ontology in Information Systems
Vol. 45, P.-J. Charrel et al. (Eds.), Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases IX
Vol. 44, K. de Koning, Model-Based Reasoning about Learner Behaviour
Vol. 43, M. Gams et al. (Eds.), Mind Versus Computer
Vol. 42, In preparation
Vol. 41, F.C. Morabito (Ed.), Advances in Intelligent Systems
Vol. 40, G. Grahne (Ed.), Sixth Scandinavian Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Vol. 39, B. du Boulay and R. Mizoguchi (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence in Education
Vol. 38, H. Kangassalo et al. (Eds.), Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases VIII
Vol. 37, F.L. Silva et al. (Eds.), Spatiotemporal Models in Biological and Artificial Systems
Vol. 36, S. Albayrak (Ed.), Intelligent Agents for Telecommunications Applications
Vol. 35, A.M. Ramsay (Ed.), Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, Applications
Vol. 34, Y. Tanaka et al. (Eds.), Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases VII
Vol. 33, P. Pylkkanen et al. (Eds.), Brain, Mind and Physics
Vol. 32, L. de Raedt (Ed.), Advances in Inductive Logic Programming
Vol. 31, M. Ghallab and A. Milani (Eds.), New Directions in AI Planning
Vol. 30, A. Valente, Legal Knowledge Engineering
Vol. 29, A. Albert (Ed.), Chaos and Society
Vol. 28, A. Aamodt and J. Komorowski (Eds.), Fifth Scandinavian Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Vol. 27, J. Hallam (Ed.), Hybrid Problems, Hybrid Solutions
Vol. 26, H. Kangassalo et al. (Eds.), Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases VI
Vol. 25, E. Hillebrand and J. Stender (Eds.), Many-Agent Simulation and Artificial Life
Vol. 24, J. Liebowitz and D.S. Prerau (Eds.), Worldwide Intelligent Systems
Vol. 23, J. Stender et al. (Eds.), Genetic Algorithms in Optimisation, Simulation and Modelling
Vol. 22, S. Schulze-Kremer (Ed.), Advances in Molecular Bioinformatics
Vol. 21, J. Breuker and W. Van de Velde (Eds.), CommonKADS Library for Expertise Modelling
Vol. 20, C. Backstrom and E. Sandewall (Eds.), Current Trends in AI Planning
Vol. 19, H. Jaakkola et al. (Eds.), Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases V
Vol. 18, E. Sandewall and C.G. Jansson (Eds.), Scandinavian Conference on Artificial Intelligence - 93
Vol. 17, A. Sloman et al. (Eds.), Prospects for Artificial Intelligence
Vol. 16, H. Kangassalo et al. (Eds.), Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases IV
Vol. 15, R. Winkels, Explorations in Intelligent Tutoring and Help
Vol. 14, J. Slender (Ed.), Parallel Genetic Algorithms: Theory and Applications
ISSN: 0922-6389
Artificial Intelligence in
Education
Open Learning Environments: New Computational
Technologies to Support Learning, Exploration and
Collaboration
Edited by
Susanne P. Lajoie
McGill University, Montreal, Canada
and
Martial Vivet
Universite du Maine, France
/OS
Press
Ohmsha
Amsterdam • Berlin • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, DC
C 1999. The authors mentioned in the Table of Contents
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted.
in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission from the publisher.
ISBN 90 5199 452 4 (IOS Press)
ISBN 4 274 90307 9 C3000 (Ohmsha)
Library of Congress Control Number: 99-64149
Second printing. 2002
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Preface
The 9th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AI-ED 99) is one
of a series of international conferences in this area and it is designed to report on state of the
art research in the field of AI in Education. This field is interdisciplinary and brings
together researchers from the domains of computer science, cognitive science, education,
psychology, linguistics, and engineering (to name a few). A conference, such as this,
provides us with the rare opportunity to engage in cross-disciplinary dialogues that help us
move the research forward in a more informed manner.
The theme for 1999 is Open Learning Environments: New Computational
Technologies to Support Learning, Exploration, and Collaboration. Technologies can
support both the individual and small groups of individuals who work collaboratively to
solve problems and learn new materials. New methodologies for supporting and
documenting the learning process in both these situations are being developed and are
described in this volume. We are fortunate to have John Self address this theme in his
Keynote Address.
One hundred and seventy five submissions were received from thirty different
countries and were reviewed by seventy-six reviewers worldwide. The review process
resulted in the acceptance of sixty-six papers and sixty-one posters. Two tutorials and eight
workshops were invited to participate in the conference. The invited speakers, panelists and
luncheon speakers highlight important developments in AI-ED. Along the continuum of
topics provided in the proceedings are: student modeling, authoring tools, multi-media,
virtual reality, agents, learning, metacognition, text and discourse, and collaborative
knowledge building.
This conference is the ninth Artificial Intelligence in Education conference, the
second since the International Artificial Intelligence in Education Society established itself
as an independent society in 1997. The society is now functioning very well, with an active
web site (http://cbl.leeds.ac.uk/ijaied/aiedsoc.html), its own electronic journal (the
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education), and growing membership
numbers. This conference reflects its vibrancy.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank the many people who have assisted
us in making this international conference a success. The following pages provides a list of
credits to those whose hard work has ensured the scientific integrity of this conference as
well to those who have worked around the clock to make this conference run smoothly in
Le Mans. We would like to thank the Program Committee and the Reviewers, the Local
Organizing Committee in France and the many sponsors. The Program Chair would like to
thank her graduate student assistants Nancy Lavigne, Steve Wakeham, and Sonia Faremo
for their unbelievable organization skills, patience, and willingness to assist in the
reviewing, dissemination of proposals, and the production of the proceedings. She would
also like to thank Ben Du Boulay and Jim Greer (two previous program chairs) for all their
valuable advice. The program chair would also like to thank Gilles Gauthier, Jim Greer,
and Riichiro Mizoguchi for participating in the final program review phase. We look
forward to an excellent meeting in Le Mans, July 19-23, 1999.
Susanne P. Lajoie, McGill University
Martial Vivet, Universite du Maine
April, 1999
International AI-ED Society Executive Benedict Du Boulay (University of Sussex,
Committee UK)
Martial Vivet (Universite du Maine, France)
President: Gordon McCalla (University of Riichiro Mizoguchi (Osaka University, Japan)
Saskatchewan, Canada) John Self (University of Leeds. UK)
President-elect: Lewis Johnson (University of
Southern California, USA) Program Committee
Secretary: Joost Breuker (University of
Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Chair: Susanne P. Lajoie (McGill University.
John Self, Editor of IJAIEd Canada)
Bob Aiken (Temple University, USA) Robert Aiken (Temple University, USA
Michael Baker (CNRS, Universite Lumiere Leila Alem (CSIRO Mathematical and
Lyon 2, France) Information Sciences, Australia)
Nicolas Balacheff (IMAG, Grenoble, France) Roger Azevedo (Carnegie Mellon University.
Bert Bredeweg (University of Amsterdam, USA)
The Netherlands) Michael Baker (CNRS, Universite Lumiere
Peter Brusilovsky (Carnegie-Mellon Lyon 2, France)
University, USA) Nicolas Balacheff (Laboratoire Leibniz -
Tak-Wai Chan (National Central University, Institut Imag Grenoble, France)
Taiwan) Ben du Boulay (University of Sussex, UK)
William Clancey (Institute for Research on Gilles Gauthier (Universite du Quebec a
Learning, Palo Alto, USA) Montreal, Canada)
Christopher Dede (George Mason University, Monique Grandbastien (Universite Henri
USA) Poincare Nancy 1, France)
Claude Frasson (University of Montreal, Jim Greer (University of Saskatchewan.
Canada) Canada)
Monique Grandbastien (Universite de Nancy, Barry Harper (University of Wollongong,
France) Australia)
Jim Greer (University of Saskatchewan. Ulrich Hoppe (University of Duisburg,
Canada) Germany)
Ulrich Hoppe (University of Duisburg, Ton de Jong (University of Twente, The
Germany) Netherlands)
Judy Kay (University of Sydney, Australia) Ken Koedinger (Carnegie Mellon University,
Chee-Kit Looi (Kent Ridge Digital Labs., USA)
Singapore) Alan Lesgold (University of Pittsburgh, USA)
Riichiro Mizoguchi (Osaka University, Japan) Jian-xiang Lin (Peking University, China)
Tom Murray (University of Massachusetts at Toshio Okamoto (University of Electro-
Amherst, USA) Communications, Japan)
Jeff Rickel (University of Southern California, Riichiro Mizoguchi (Osaka University, Japan)
USA) Ana Paiva (IST-Technical University of
Luigi Sarti (Istituto Tecnologie Didattiche, Lisbon and INESC, Portugal)
Italy) Helen Pain (University of Edinburgh, UK)
John Self (University of Leeds, UK) Daniel Schwartz (Vanderbilt University.
Martial Vivet (Universite de Maine, France) USA)
Barbara White (University of California - Valerie Shute (GKIS, Inc., USA)
Berkeley, USA)
Philip Winne (Simon Fraser University, Local Organizing Committee
Canada)
Chair: Martial Vivet, Universite du Maine.
Conference Organizing Committee France
Jacques Bonet, Universite du Maine, France
Gordon McCalla (University of Stephane Bru (Universite du Maine, France)
Saskatchewan, Canada) Paul Delannoy (Universite du Maine, France)
Lewis Johnson (University of Southern Elisabeth Delozanne (Universite du Maine.
California, USA) France)
Susanne Lajoie (McGill University) Xavier Dubourg(Universite du Maine. France)
Pierre Jacoboni (Universite du Maine, France) Jacqueline Bourdeau
Pascal Leroux (Universite du Maine, France) Bert Bredeweg
Philippe Teutsch (Universite du Maine, Sean Brophy
France) Paul Brna
Peter Brusilovsky
Co-Sponsored by Stefano A. Cerri
Thierry Chanier
The International Artificial Intelligence in Yam San Chee
Education (AI-ED) Society Tom Cobb
Albert Corbett
With Financial Support from Richard Cox
Geoff Cumming
Universite du Maine and Lium Lab. Robert de Hoog
The City of Le Mans and the Urban Sharon Derry
Community (CUM). Ton de Jong
The General Council of the Sarthe. Kees de Koning
The Council of Region des Pays de la Loire Elisabeth Delozanne
and ATLANTECH. Darina Dicheva
The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Carolyn Dowling
Le Mans. Aude Dufresne
The French Ministry of Education, Ben du Boulay
Research and Technology. Sonia Faremo
The French Center for Scientific Research - Isabel Fernandez-Castro
CNRS. Carl Frederiksen
Patricia Fung
Non-Profit organizations Gilles Gauthier
Kevin Gluck
AFIA: French association for AI. Vladimir A. Goodkovsky,
ARC: The association for cognitive research. Monique Grandbastien
ATIEF: French Organisation for Information Jim Greer
Technologies in Education and Training. Barry Harper
EPI: French Association "Enseignement Lois Wright Hawkes
Public et Informatique" Daniele Herin
INRP: The French National Institute for Tsukasa Hirashima
Pedagogical Research. Peter Holt
H. Ulrich Hoppe
Private Organizations Lin Jian-xiang
Michelle Joab
France Telecom Lewis W. Johnson
ACO: Automobile Club de I1 Quest Paul Kamsteeg
Credit Agricole Anjou et Maine Sandra Katz
Systel IBM Agent in Le Mans Kenneth R. Koedinger
La Poste Vivekanandan Kumar
CEGOS Patrick Kyllonen
Susanne Lajoie
Reviewers Nancy Lavigne
Bernard Lefebvre
Robert M. Aiken Pascal Leroux
Fabio Akhras Alan Lesgold
Leila Alem Svein-Ivar Lillehaug
K.S.R. Anjaneyulu Chee-Kit Looi
Roger Azevedo Sandy Marshall
Michael Baker Dave McArthur
Nicolas Balacheff Gord McCalla
Joseph Beck Riichiro Mizoguchi
Janet Blatter Allen Munro
Tom Murray Tutorial 1: The Play's the Thing: Enhancing
Adisack Nhouyvanisvong Learning Design Through Game Elements
Jean-Francois Nicaud Presenter: Clark N. Quinn
Stellan Ohlsson
Helen Pain Tutorial 2: How Ideas but not Tools of
Ana Paiva Artificial Intelligence Help to Effectively
Gilbert Paquette Develop the Intelligence of Young Children
Valery A. Petrushin and Teenagers
Rolf Ploetzner Presenters: V.A. Fomichov and
Jeff Rickel Dr. O.S. Fomichova
Luig Sarti
Eileen Scanlon Workshops
Daniel Schwartz
John Self Chair: Nicolas Balacheff, Laboratoire Leibniz
Julian Serrano - Institut Imag Grenoble, France
Mike Sharpies
Hans Spada Workshop 1: Instructional Uses of Synthetic
Valerie Shute Agents
Katherine M. Sinitsa Organizers: W. Lewis Johnson, Elisabeth
Mia Stern Andre, Claude Frasson, James Lester,
Daniel D. Suthers Ana Paiva, and Jeff Rickel
Akira Takeuchi
Judi Thomson Workshop 2: Ontologies for Intelligent
Philippe Teutsch Educational Systems
Jody S. Underwood Organizers: Riichiro Mizoguchi, Tom Murray
Wouter Van Joolingen
Julitta Vassileva Workshop 3: Analysing Educational Dialogue
Jesus Vazquez-Abad Interaction: Towards Models that Support
Steve Wakeham Learning
Barbara Wasson Organizers: Rachel Pilkington, Jean
Geoff Webb McKendree, Helen Pain and Paul Brna
Radboud Winkels
Phil Winne Workshop 4: Educational Robotics
Beverly Park Woolf Organizers: Pascal Leroux, Martial Vivet,
Yoneo Yano Brigitte Denis, Pierre Nonnon,
Young Researchers Track Workshop 5: Medical Image Tutoring
Organizer: Ben Du Boulay
Chair: Cyrille Desmoulins
LORIA, Universite Nancy, France Workshop 6: Tutoring Systems that Learn
Organizer: Joseph E. Beck
Demonstrations
Workshop 7: Open, Interactive and Other
Chair: Franfois Marie Blondel Overt Approaches to Learner Modelling
INRP, Paris, France Organizer: Rafael Morales
Tutorials Workshop 8: What do we Know of Open
Learning Environments?
Chair: Monique Grandbastien, Universite Organizer: Jari Multisilta
Henri Poincare, Nancy, France
Contents
Preface v
Keynote
Open Sesame?: Fifteen Variations on the Theme of Openness in Learning
Environments, J. Self 3
Invited Speakers
Cognitive Applications of New Computational Technologies in Eye Tracking,
S. P. Marshall 1
Collaborative Learning in Open Distributed Environments - Pedagogical Principles
and Computational Methods, H. U. Hoppe 8
An Overview of the State of the Art in ITS Authoring Tools, T. Murray 9
Trends and Issues in AI and Education: Towards a Common Research Framework,
J. Sandberg 10
Agent Models
Agent Systems for Diversity in Human Learning, J. Les, G. Gumming and S. Finch 13
Teachable Agents: Combining Insights from Learning Theory and Computer Science,
S. Brophy, G. Biswas, T. Katzlberger, J. Bransford and D. Schwartz 21
Meta-knowledge Representation for Learning Scenarios Engineering, G. Paquette 29
A Multi-Agent Design of a Peer-Help Environment, J. Vassileva, J. Greer, G. McCalla,
R. Deters, D. Zapata, C. Mudgal and S. Grant 38
A Methodology for Building Intelligent Educational Agents, H.N. Keeling 46
The Systemion: A New Agent Model to Design Intelligent Tutoring Systems,
M.F. Canut, G. Gouarderes and E. Sanchis 54
Analysis of Collaboration and Group Formation
Learning Goal Ontology Supported by Learning Theories for Opportunistic Group
Formation, T. Supnithi, A. Inaba, M. Ikeda, J. Toyoda and R. Mizoguchi 67
Toward Intelligent Analysis and Support of Collaborative Learning Interaction,
A. Soller, F. Linton, B. Goodman and A. Lesgold 75
Authoring Tools
An Ontology-A ware Authoring Tool: Functional Structure and Guidance Generation,
L. Jin, W. Chen, Y. Hayashi, M. Ikeda, R. Mizoguchi, Y. Takaoka
and M. Ohta 85
Formatively Evaluating REDEEM - An Authoring Environment for ITSs,
S. Ainsworth, J. Underwood and S. Grimshaw 93
Intelligent Agent Instructional Design Tool for a Hypermedia Design Course,
S. Stoyanov, L. AroyoandP. Kommers 101
Design Principles of a New Modelling Environment for Young Students, Supporting
Various Types of Reasoning and Interdisciplinary Approaches,
A. Dimitracopoulou, V. Komis, P. Apostolopoulos and P. Politis 109