Artificial Intelligence In Daily Life PDF
Preview Artificial Intelligence In Daily Life
Raymond S. T. Lee Artificial Intelligence in Daily Life Artificial Intelligence in Daily Life Raymond S. T. Lee Artificial Intelligence in Daily Life Raymond S.T. Lee Division of Science andTechnology Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College Zhuhai, Guangdong, China ISBN 978-981-15-7694-2 ISBN 978-981-15-7695-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7695-9 ©The Editor(s) (if applicable) andThe Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply,eveninthe absenceof a specific statement,that such namesare exemptfrom therelevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore This book is dedicated to all readers and students taking my courses in AI and Data Mining, your enthusiasm in learning new concepts and seeking knowledge prompted me to write this book. Preface Motivation for This Book ArtificialIntelligence(AI)technologyanditsrelatedapplicationsbecomepart oflifeinwaysthatwecouldnoteven thinkofacenturyago.With theexpo- nential growth of AI in the past decades, our routines have changed beyond measures due to robotics and AI that are used in a wide array of day-to- day services. Despite AI being at its infancy, we have already been benefited immensely. Contemporary books and research monographs on AI are either (i) tech- nical books written by academics from the fields of Computer Science and Information Technology which mainly focus on AI mathematical models and derivations. As a result, they are usually too difficult and mathemati- cally complex for readers of different educational backgrounds to compre- hend; or (ii) popular science type of books written by authors from other non- computer science fields which describe AI as high-level concepts and topics such as AI philosophy and ethics, AI and conscious machine, lack of basic concepts’ overview, AI core technology, and how AI applications reshape our daily life. The motivation and main purpose of this book is to provide AI basic concepts and knowledge for both Computer Science (CS), non-CS students and readers to understand how AI technology such as software robots, natural language processing (NLP), semantic and ontological-based search engine, intel- ligent city, and intelligent campus are applied to daily life and activities. vii viii Preface Organization of This Book For the ease of readership, this book consists of four different parts. They include Part I AI Concepts Discusses AI basic concepts and history. Part II AITechnology Discusses five core AI technologies which are the building blocks for differentkindsofAIapplications:machinelearning(ML),datamining (DM), computer vision (CV), natural languages processing (NLP), ontological-based search engine (OSE). Part IIIAI Applications Discusses major contemporary AI applications that affect ways of living,workingstyle,andenvironmentrangingfromintelligentagents andsoftwarerobots tointelligenttransportationsystems(ITS) andsmart cities. Part IVBeyond AI Discusses topics beyond but critically important AI future develop- mentincludingAIethics,consciousminddevelopment,autonomous robotics in daily activities, and related topics. This book is organized as follows: (cid:129) Chapter 1—A Brief Journey of Human Intelligence Human intelligence is a cross-discipline study that puzzles philosophers, naturalscientists,psychologists,cognitiveandneuroscientistsforcenturies. As the introductory chapter of the book, this chapter explores human intelligence in various aspects including Greek mythology, philosophy, psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience. (cid:129) Chapter 2—AI Fundamentals This chapter introduces the main theme of this book—Artificial Intel- ligence (AI). We begin with a general definition and its interpretation followed by a brief history. Next, we discuss one of the most interesting experiments in AI—the Turing Test. Then, we discuss two of AI’s main themes:StrongAIversusWeakAI.Afterthat,weintroducefiveofAI’smain components: machine learning (ML), data mining (DM), computer vision (CV), natural language processing (NLP), and ontological-based search engine (OSE). Preface ix (cid:129) Chapter 3—Machine Learning (ML) This chapter explores the first and foremost AI component and tech- nology—machinelearning(ML).Weexplorehowhumanslearnanddiscuss three major machine learning models: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. We also study how the human brain works to think and learn—biological neural networks which leads to the design of artificial neural networks (ANN)—mathematical and computa- tional counterparts to simulate human memory, learning, and thinking processes. (cid:129) Chapter 4—Data Mining (DM) This chapter explores various methods and technologies involving data mining that includes KNN for clustering, decision tree for decision- making, regression for forecast and projection, and association rule for mining useful patterns. We also introduce deep neural networks (DNN) on data mining and how these technologies can be applied to various real-world problems. (cid:129) Chapter 5—ComputerVision (CV) This chapter compares the human visual system with computer vision. By imitating human vision, we introduce 3 computer vision components: (1) Figure-scene segmentation, (2) Object recognition, and (3) 3D and VR modelling. After that, we study various latest computer vision technologies and applications that are related to daily life and activities. (cid:129) Chapter 6—Natural Language Processing (NLP) This chapter begins with the introduction of human language and intelli- gence. We will also introduce the six linguistics levels in human languages. Next, we study NLP main components including natural language under- standing(NLU),speechrecognition,syntacticanalysis,semanticanalysis,prag- matic analysis, and speech synthesis followed by major NLP applications related to our daily life. (cid:129) Chapter 7—Ontological-Based Search Engine (OSE) The first part of this chapter begins with the main components of tradi- tional search engine, its major shortcomings in terms of system and user perspectives, and study on several commonly used search engines’ basic architectures. The second part of this chapter introduces ontological-based search engine (OSE). It begins with knowledge and ontology basic concepts followed by ontology engineering, semantic web, and how to use ontology graph (OG) to represent concepts and ideas. Then, we will study OSE system architecture with its several major applications including intelli- gent content management system, news retrieval, and ontological-based search engine and web ontology learning systems. x Preface (cid:129) Chapter 8—Intelligent Agents and Software Robots This chapter introduces intelligent agents (software robots), their basic requirements, and explores different varieties of intelligent agent frame- works followed by several major applications in daily activities including agent shoppers,agent negotiator,agent weatherman, andagent traders.Lastly, we explore the threats and challenges of intelligent agent technology. (cid:129) Chapter 9—IntelligentTransportation Thischapterbeginswithageneraltransportationsystemoverview.Next,we studythemajorcomponentofintelligenttransportation—5Gtechnology and a review from 1G to 5G in the past half century. Next, we study intelligent transportationsystem(ITS) anditspotentialapplications.Then,weexamine 5G-enabledITStechnology—V2X(Vehicle-to-Everything)withrelatedtech- nologies such asV2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) andV2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) Technologies.Afterthat,westudy5GandAItechnologyintegrationforthe implementation of new age ITS applications including smart cities, autonomousvehicles,intelligenttrafficmanagementsystems,emergencyservices, andfuture-proof infrastructure thatreshapeourdailyactivities. (cid:129) Chapter10—SmartHealth This chapter gives an IoT (Internet of Things) overview and wearable computingtechnology fromtheblueprintofSmartHealth.Wewillalsolearn the latest wearable healthcare device invention ranging from a smart watch forheartrateandbloodpressuretobiosensor healthcaremonitoringservices. After that, we will study two innovative AI technologies applied to healthcare:(1)healthchatbot and(2)robot-assistedsurgery(RAS)technology. (cid:129) Chapter11—SmartEducation Thischapterbeginswithsmarteducation progressinthepastdecades.Next, weexaminesmarteducationmodel—afour-tierframeworkofsmartpedago- giesandkeyfeaturesofsmartlearning environment.Then,westudytwolatest R&DAI-basedsmarteducationapplications:AIlanguagelearningrobotsand VR-ARteacher toelaborateonhowAItechnologywelearntintheprevious chapterssuchasmachinelearning,NLPtechnology,ontologicalknowledge- base,VRandARcanbeintegratedtoprovideanewageofsmarteducation. (cid:129) Chapter12—SmartCity Thischapterbeginswithsmartcity definitionandwhyweneedit.Next,we explore its major components and infrastructure. Next, we learn different countries’progressonsmartcity inthepastdecades.Then,weexaminefour criticalmassesofsmartcity:smarttransportation,smartenergy,smarthealth care,andsmarttechnology.Afterthat,westudythreemajorsupportingtech- nologies IoT, big data, and AI with several innovative applications/systems includingsmartpole,smarthouse,andsmartcampus. Preface xi (cid:129) Chapter13—AIandSelf-consciousness ThischapterexploresAIultimatequestionandchallenge—self-consciousness and self-awareness, how intelligent robots (or AI systems) can have so- calledsubjectiveexperiences.Webeginwithconsciousnessconceptsandmachine consciousness inneurosciencedisciplines’briefliteraturereviewtocurrentAI andmachinelearningR&D.Next,weexploremachineconsciousness typical approach—theGoodOld-FashionedArtificialConsciousness(GOFAC)which consistsoffivemajorcomponents:(1)Functionalism;(2)Informationintegra- tion;(3)Embodiment;(4)Enaction;and(5)Cognitivemechanisms.Lastly,we willconcludeAIandmachineconsciousnessstudy,outstandingissues,and problemstoapproachinordertodesignandbuildatrulyself-consciousness andself-awarenessrobot. (cid:129) Chapter14—AIEthics,Security,andPrivacy This chapter explores one of AI and robotics’ popular and controversial topic—AI ethics. First, we introduce AI ethics with Asimov’sThree Laws of Robotics. Next, we study major aspects and concerns related to AI ethics includingrobotethics,robotrights,moralagents,opaquenessofAIsystems, privacyandAImonitoring,automationandemployment,prejudicesinAI systems,responsibilityforautonomousmachines,andinternationalAIethic policy. (cid:129) Chapter15—What’sNext? As the closing chapter of the book, this chapter explores several AI cutting-edge-relatedtechnologies:singularity andsuperintelligence,quantum computing, and 6G technologies. First, we begin with singularity in AI and superintelligence concepts and major concerns. Next, we present quantum computing basicconceptsandhowsuchinnovativetheoriesaretrulyrelatedto AItechnology.Then,weexploretechnologybeyond5G—the6thGeneration CommunicationTechnology,itsmajorfeatures,andhowthesethreepowerful technologiescanbeintegratedtoformanewAIandsmartcity era.Lastly,we concludethebookwithclosingremarks—thefutureisourchoice. Readers of This Book This book is both a textbook and a general IT-related book tailored for (cid:129) UndergraduatestudentsforvariouscoursesanddisciplinestolearnAIbasic concepts, technologies, and applications.
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