Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities and Villages: Advanced Technologies, Development, and Challenges

331 Pages·2022·43.913 MB·English

by  Megha Bhushan, Sailesh Iyer, Ashok Kumar, Tanupriya Choudhury, Arun Negi

Artificial Intelligence for Smart
Cities and Villages:
Advanced Technologies,
Development, and Challenges
Edited by
Megha Bhushan
School of Computing DIT University,
Dehradun Uttarakhand, India
Sailesh Iyer
Rai School of Engineering Rai University
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Ashok Kumar
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab, India
Tanupriya Choudhury
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES)
Dehradun, India
&
Arun Negi
Deloitte USI Gurgaon, India
Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities and Villages:
Advanced Technologies, Development, and Challenges
Editors: Megha Bhushan, Sailesh lyer, Ashok Kumar, Tanupriya Choudhury and Arun Negi
ISBN (Online): 978-981-5049-25-1
ISBN (Print): 978-981-5049-26-8
ISBN (Paperback): 978-981-5049-27-5
© 2022, Bentham Books imprint.
Published by Bentham Science Publishers Pte. Ltd. Singapore. All Rights Reserved.
BSP-EB-PRO-9789815049251-TP-331-TC-16-PD-20220815
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................... i
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ ii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................................. v
CHAPTER 1 ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE EMERGENCE OF SMART
CITIES ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
Ipseeta Nanda and Dileep K. Mohanachandran
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 2
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION-SMART CITIES ....................................................................... 4
ROLE OF IOT ................................................................................................................................ 4
Smart Cities and IoT Applications .......................................................................................... 4
Components of the Smart City ................................................................................................ 7
AI AND CITIES .............................................................................................................................. 7
CASES FROM EUROPE: PLATFORMS OF AI IN SMART CITIES .................................... 8
Smart Santander ...................................................................................................................... 8
CitySDK .................................................................................................................................. 8
Open Cities .............................................................................................................................. 9
I-People ................................................................................................................................... 9
IoT Open Platforms ................................................................................................................. 9
Sentilo ............................................................................................................................ 9
IBM Intelligent Operation Center ................................................................................. 9
i-SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 10
SCOPE OF AI IN SMART CITIES .............................................................................................. 10
Smart Flood Monitoring ......................................................................................................... 10
Smart Home ............................................................................................................................ 12
SMART HOME FUNCTIONS ...................................................................................................... 12
Alert ............................................................................................................................... 12
Monitor .......................................................................................................................... 12
Control .......................................................................................................................... 12
Intelligence .................................................................................................................... 13
Smart Infrastructure ................................................................................................................ 13
AI AND WATER SUPPLY ............................................................................................................ 14
TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER ........................................................................................... 15
Smart Gardening ..................................................................................................................... 16
Biological Waste Treatment ................................................................................................... 17
Smart Cities and Energy Management ................................................................................... 18
Artificial Intelligence and Smart Grid .......................................................................... 19
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Electricity Trading ......................................... 19
Artificial Intelligence in the Virtual Power Plant ......................................................... 19
IoT Microgrids .............................................................................................................. 20
Smart Metres ............................................................................................................ 20
Failure Detection and Predictive Maintenance ............................................................ 21
Pipeline Management .................................................................................................... 21
THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS ............................................................................................. 21
The Advantages of Applying Smart City Strategies ............................................................... 22
Smart City Strategies' Disadvantages ..................................................................................... 22
Smart City Policy Focus ......................................................................................................... 23
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 23
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 23
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 23
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. 24
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 2 SMART CITY AND VILLAGE: FUTURE TRENDS ............................................... 29
Arvind Shinde, Suresh Iyer, Khushboo Jain and Srilalitha Sagi
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 29
AMANORA SMART CITY MODEL .......................................................................................... 31
The Idea Stage ......................................................................................................................... 31
The Implementation Stage ...................................................................................................... 35
DIGITAL LIVING- PROJECT ERP ........................................................................................... 36
Pre-Engineered Modular Design ............................................................................................. 37
Employment Opportunities [6, 11] ......................................................................................... 38
Challenges and Solutions [9, 11, 13] ...................................................................................... 38
Types of Construction Technology Suited to the Challenge .................................................. 39
Challenges and Solutions ........................................................................................................ 39
CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................................................... 41
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 42
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 42
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 42
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 42
CHAPTER 3 HUMANOID ROBOT FOR AADHAAR SERVICE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT 44

Appala S. Muttipati, Sangeeta Viswanadham and Bhramaji Godi
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 44
Aadhaar Features .................................................................................................................... 45
Distinctiveness ............................................................................................................... 45
Compactness ................................................................................................................. 46
Random in Nature ......................................................................................................... 46
Centralized Architecture ............................................................................................... 46
Free Open-source Technologies ................................................................................... 46
Building Aadhaar Services with Artificial Intelligence Methods ........................................... 46
Aadhaar Services .................................................................................................................... 47
LPG Subsidy .................................................................................................................. 47
Monthly Pension ............................................................................................................ 47
E-Voting ........................................................................................................................ 47
Provident Fund .............................................................................................................. 47
Digital Life Certificate .................................................................................................. 47
Digital Locker ............................................................................................................... 48
Acquisition of Passport ................................................................................................. 48
Jan Dhan Yojana ........................................................................................................... 48
Opening New Bank Account .......................................................................................... 48
e-KYC Service ............................................................................................................... 48
Aadhaar Enrolment Process ......................................................................................... 48
HUMANOID ROBOT .................................................................................................................... 49
The Role of Humanoid Robots in Aadhaar Services .............................................................. 49
Aadhaar Service with Data Processing using Humanoid Robot ............................................. 51
FEATURES OF HUMANOID ROBOT ....................................................................................... 51
WORKING PROCEDURE OF HUMANOID ROBOT ............................................................. 52
Aadhaar Application Services (AAS) ..................................................................................... 53
OPERATIONS OF HUMANOID ROBOT .................................................................................. 55
New Aadhar Card Enrollment/registration ............................................................................. 55
Collection of Physical Information ............................................................................... 57
Photo Identification ....................................................................................................... 57
Calculate the Distance Between the User and the Robot ............................................. 57
Ultrasonic Sensors ........................................................................................................ 61
Equipment Required ...................................................................................................... 61
Working .................................................................................................................................. 61
Iris Scanning ........................................................................................................................... 62
Updating Aadhaar Information ............................................................................................... 63
Upload Original Documents for Proof .................................................................................... 63
Providing Acknowledge Slip with Challan for PVC Aadhaar Card ....................................... 64
CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................................................... 64
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 64
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 64
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 65
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 4 ADAPTATION OF BLOCKCHAIN IN INTERNET OF MEDICAL THINGS
FOR REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING ......................................................................................... 67
Cinthia J. Godly, Venki Balasubramanian, Ram Srinivasan and Bevish Y. Jinila
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 68
IoMT ....................................................................................................................................... 68
BLOCKCHAIN FOR HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS .................................................................... 69
IMPLEMENTATION OF BLOCKCHAIN WITH IOMT ........................................................ 70
PCA ......................................................................................................................................... 70
RPMS ...................................................................................................................................... 72
Implementation of the RPMS ................................................................................................. 73
Smart Contracts Arrangement ................................................................................................. 74
Cloud Storage .......................................................................................................................... 74
Proof of Authority (PoA) Algorithm ...................................................................................... 75
Overlay Network ..................................................................................................................... 75
SSHEALTH ARCHITECTURE AND BLOCKCHAIN CONFIGURATION ......................... 76
ssHealth Architecture .............................................................................................................. 76
COMPARISON OF THE IMPLEMENTATION METHODS .................................................. 79
APPLICATIONS OF BLOCKCHAIN WITH IOMT ................................................................ 79
CHALLENGES OF IOMT ............................................................................................................ 80
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 81
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 82
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 82
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 82
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 82
CHAPTER 5 ANALYZING PLANT LEAF FOR DETECTING DISEASE BY USING
CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK ....................................................................................... 85
Ashutosh A. Abhangi and Sailesh Iyer
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 85
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE .................................................................................................. 86
NEURAL NETWORK ................................................................................................................... 86
CONVOLUTION NEURAL NETWORK ................................................................................... 86
Process of CNN Classification ................................................................................................ 87
Types of Layers ....................................................................................................................... 87
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 87
NEED OF RESEARCH ................................................................................................................. 91
WHY CNN? ..................................................................................................................................... 92
PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................................ 92
PROPOSED FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................ 93
Leaf Image Acquisition ........................................................................................................... 93
RGB to Grayscale Image ........................................................................................................ 94
Step 1: Noise Filter ................................................................................................................. 94
Step 2: Adaptive Thresholding ............................................................................................... 94
STUDY OF IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS ................................................................................ 97
IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................................................... 98
Steps for Installation of OpenCV on Python .......................................................................... 98
RESULT OF LEAF DISEASE DETECTION ............................................................................. 99
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 101
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 102
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 102
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 102
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 102
CHAPTER 6 INDOOR OBJECT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM USING NEURAL
NETWORKS FOR SMART ENVIRONMENTS ................................................................................. 105
Mouna Afif, Riadh Ayachi and Mohamed Atri
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 105
STATE OF THE ART .................................................................................................................... 107
PROPOSED APPROACH FOR INDOOR OBJECTS RECOGNITION ................................ 108
EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS ................................................................................................ 110
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 113
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 113
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 113
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 113
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 113
CHAPTER 7 SMART TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS,
CURRENT CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ....................................................................... 116
Aman Kumar, Nishant Raj Kapoor, Harish C. Arora and Ashok Kumar
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 116
Importance of Transportation ................................................................................................. 119
Background of ITS .................................................................................................................. 119
Definitions of ITS ................................................................................................................... 120
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ...................................................................... 121
Importance of Transportation ................................................................................................. 122
ATMS IN ITS .................................................................................................................................. 123
ARTS IN ITS ................................................................................................................................... 124
APTS IN ITS ................................................................................................................................... 126
CVO IN ITS ..................................................................................................................................... 127
AVCS IN ITS ................................................................................................................................... 127
ATIS IN ITS .................................................................................................................................... 127
ROLE OF LATEST TECHNOLOGIES IN ITS ......................................................................... 128
Artificial Intelligence .............................................................................................................. 128
ML IN ITS ....................................................................................................................................... 129
DL IN ITS ........................................................................................................................................ 130
CURRENT STATUS OF ITS ........................................................................................................ 131
Challenges and Opportunities ................................................................................................. 131
Fundamental Issues in Transportation System ....................................................................... 132
Financial Issues ....................................................................................................................... 133
Policy Issues ............................................................................................................................ 133
Education and Training Issues ................................................................................................ 133
Safety Issues (System Security) .............................................................................................. 133
Environmental Issues .............................................................................................................. 134
ITS IN INDIA .................................................................................................................................. 135
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 136
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 137
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 137
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 137
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 137
CHAPTER 8 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ENABLED SMART CITIES FOR PREMISES
SECURITY .............................................................................................................................................. 144
Srujan K. Raju, Vinayak G. Jagtap and Parag A. Kulkarni
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 144
SMART CITY ................................................................................................................................. 146
Smart City: Difficulties ........................................................................................................... 149
Smart City: AI Applicability ................................................................................................... 150
Smart City and AI: Premises Security .................................................................................... 150
Smart City: Video Surveillance Datasets ................................................................................ 154
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 154
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 154
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 154
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. 155
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 155
CHAPTER 9 INTELLIGENT IOT ENABLED LIGHTING SYSTEM .......................................... 157
Dankan G. Veeranna, Ramesha Muniyappa, Sridhara S. Boraiah, Devananda S. Narayanaappa
and Manoj K. S. Boraiah
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 158
EXISTING LIGHTING STANDARDS ........................................................................................ 159
GOALS OF THE IOT LIGHTENING STANDARD .................................................................. 160
IOL ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................................. 162
SENSORS FOR SMART LIGHTING PLATFORMS ............................................................... 164
SECURITY VIEW .......................................................................................................................... 165
STANDARDIZED COMMUNICATION INTERFACES FOR SMART LIGHTING ........... 166
IMPACTS OF SMART LIGHTING SYSTEMS ON POWER CONSUMPTION .................. 168
Indoor Lighting ....................................................................................................................... 168
Outdoor Lighting .................................................................................................................... 169
OPEN ISSUES AND FUTURE RESEARCH .............................................................................. 170
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 172
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 172
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 172
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 172
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 172
CHAPTER 10 TRAFFIC SIGN DETECTION FOR SMART PUBLIC TRANSPORT
VEHICLES: CASCADING CONVOLUTIONAL AUTOENCODER WITH CONVOLUTIONAL
NEURAL NETWORK ............................................................................................................................ 174
Riadh Ayachi, Mouna Afif, Yahia Said and Abdessalem B. Abdelali