Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence 人工智慧

83 Pages·2013·0.4 MB·English

AArrttiiffiicciiaall IInntteelllliiggeennccee
人人工工智智慧慧
LLecture 22
February 27, 2013
洪國寶
1
OOuuttlliinnee
• Review
• The Turingg test
• Foundations of AI
•• CChhaapptteerr 33
– Knowledge Representation
2
CCoouurrssee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
• TTextbbookk
– Artificial Intelligence Illuminated
,
BBen CCoppiin
– Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
2004.
(開發圖書公司)
– http://computerscience.jbpub.com/
catalogg/0763732303/
– Try Google search (keywords:
“artificial intelligence illuminated”)
• CCourse webb page:
http://ailab.cs.nchu.edu.tw/course/AI/101/main.htm
3
CCoouurrssee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
• The objective of this course is to learn
ffuunnddaammeennttaall tteecchhnniiqquueess ooff aarrttiiffiicciiaall iinntteelllliiggeennccee,
including
– ssyymmbboolliicc pprrooggrraammmmiinngg,
– knowledge representation,
– sseeaarrcchh,,
– inference,
– machine learningg,,
– planning, and
– computer understanding of language and images.
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SSttrroonngg AAII aanndd WWeeaakk AAII
• Artificial Intelligence involves using methods based on the
intelligent behavior of humans and other animals to solve
ccoommpplleexx pprroobblleemmss.
• Strong AI:
– TThhiiss iiss tthhee vviieeww tthhaatt aa ssuuffffiicciieennttllyy pprrooggrraammmmeedd ccoommppuutteerr
would actually be intelligent and would think in the same
wayy that a human does.
• Weak AI:
– TThhiiss iiss tthhee uussee ooff mmeetthhooddss mmooddeelleedd oonn iinntteelllliiggeenntt bbeehhaavviioorr
to make computers more efficient at solving problems.
• This course is concerned with Weak AI.
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SSttrroonngg MMeetthhooddss aanndd WWeeaakk MMeetthhooddss
• Not to be confused with Strong AI and Weak AI.
• Strongg methods use knowledgge about the world to
solve problems.
• WWeeaakk mmeetthhooddss uussee llooggiicc aanndd ootthheerr ssyymmbboolliicc ssyysstteemmss..
• Strong method systems rely on weak methods, as
kknnoowwlleeddggee iiss uusseelleessss wwiitthhoouutt aa wwaayy ttoo hhaannddllee tthhaatt
knowledge.
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AAII hhiissttoorryy – ttrreennddss iinn ppooppuullaarr hhyyppee
booming industry
Early enthusiasm
great expectations
Big promises, great
expectations, all fell short
crude reality, again
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
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OOuuttllooookk ffoorr AAII
• AI has a long way to go.
– It may well be 100 years before any computer is as intelligent as a
hhuummaann.
• No single discovery will suffice.
– Reeaal AI wwill reeqquuiree huunddreeddss oof reesseeaarcch bbreeaaktthroouuggh..
• AI will continue to advance.
– Proggress will continue but no sudden and final success
• Useful applications of AI are feasible now.
• AI can enhance human pperformance.
– The best overall system will often be a combination of AI programs
and humans.
8
OOuuttlliinnee
• Review
• The Turingg test
• Foundations of AI
•• CChhaapptteerr 33
– Knowledge Representation
9
AA ppaappeerr bbyy TTuurriinngg
• Computing Machinery and Intelligence
– Published in “Mind: A Quarterly Review of
PPsychhollogy andd PPhhiillosophhy””, iin 11995500.
– “I propose to consider the question, ‘Can machines
tthhiinnkk??’”
• And if so, how?
• And if not, why not?
– Describes the imitation game, now called the Turing
Test.
– PPossiibblly one off mostt iimporttantt andd ddiisputtedd ttopiics iin
AI, philosophy of mind, cognitive science. ■
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