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Artificial Human Sensors Science and Applications © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Artificial Human Sensors Science and Applications Peter Wide Örebro University, Sweden © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20120217 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-9-81426-764-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason- able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Allrightsreserved.Thisbook,orpartsthereof,maynotbereproducedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recordingoranyinformationstorageandretrieval systemnowknownortobeinvented,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher. Forphotocopyingofmaterialinthisvolume,pleasepayacopyingfeethroughtheCopy- rightClearanceCenter, Inc., 222RosewoodDrive,Danvers, MA01923, USA.Inthiscase permissiontophotocopyisnotrequiredfromthepublisher. ISBN:978-981-4241-58-8(Hardcover) ISBN:978-981-4267-64-9(eBook) PrintedintheUSA © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC July21,2007 11:5 RPS:PanStanfordPublishingBook-6.5inx9.75in Foreword Foreword In order to live and thrive in an often challenging world, humans have evolved tounderstandtheirenvironmentandthenconceptualisenotionsthatwouldallow them to evaluate the impact of different natural phenomena as well as of their actions. The need to develop better communications and trade relations through the historyofhumanityhasledtoagradualdevelopmentoftheconceptofmeasure- mentbasedoncommonly agreeduponbasic units, whichallowed toassignsym- bolicanddistinct”values”todifferentobjectparameters. Vision, which isthe most accurateand information-rich humansense, stood at the basis of the early measurement procedures for the evaluation of the non- quantitative aspect attributes such as colour, as well as the quantitative geometric parameters,suchaslength,surfaceandvolumeoftheobjects. The evaluation of non-quantitative parameters such as colour is done by human decision makers who visually compare the specific colour against a ref- erencesetofstandard-coloursamples. The evaluation of the quantitative parameters such as length, can be done eitherbycountinghowmanyaprioridefinedunitshavetobeaddedtogetherin © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC July21,2007 11:5 RPS:PanStanfordPublishingBook-6.5inx9.75in Foreword vi Foreword ordertobest matchthe usuallycontinuous parametertobe measuredcalledthe measurand,orbycomparingthemeasurandagainstaspeciallymadegradedscale. Inbothcasesithasbeenuptoahumanoperatortolook,compareanddecidehow manyunitsthemeasurandwasworth. Aningenioussolutionforthemeasurementofnon-geometricparameterssuch as time, weight, temperature, voltage, current, power, etc., is to convert those parameters into a proportional displacement of a pointer moving in front of a geometricscaleconvenientlygradedinmeasurementunitsofthesamenatureas the measurand. Among these non-geometric/displacement transducers are the well knownanaloginstruments:weightscales,clockwatches,scalethermometers,elec- trical meters (for voltage, current, etc.), the oscilloscopes, magnetic and electric fieldmeters,radioactivitymeters,lightintensitymeters,etc. Itshouldbenotedthathumanswereessentialintegralcomponentsofthemea- suring process using these early meters, as the measurement cannot actually be completed without having a person do the reading, i.e., visually deciding what numericalvalueshould beassigned tothe currentposition of the pointer on the gradedscale. The adventof the electronicstechnology in the 20thcentury allowed for the development of automatic controllers able to execute sophisticated control algo- rithms. Asthe”plainoldmeters”designedtoprovidedatatohumanuserscould not satisfy the feed-back requirements of these controllers, a new generation of instrumentshadtobedeveloped. Thesenewdigitalinstrumentsactuallywerethe firstcompleteinstrumentsincorporatingboththemeasurand-against-scalecompar- isonandthegenerationofthenumericresult. Asaneffectofthe digitalinstrumentation’s success, the analoginstruments becameobsoleteandhumansweretakenoffthemeasurementloopandrelegated toglobalsituationassessmentanddecisionmakingroles. © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC July21,2007 11:5 RPS:PanStanfordPublishingBook-6.5inx9.75in Foreword Foreword vii Based on this digital instrument technology, new sensor systems have been developed for a large diversity of industrial (manufacturing, chemical, food production, pharmaceutical, etc), healthcare, and environment monitoring applications. Furtherdevelopmentsinelectronicandcomputer technology have allowedforcomplexdataprocessingalgorithmstobeincorporatedinintelligent machine sensing and perception systems able to explore a multitude of parameters overabroaderfrequencyspectrum. Recent developments in the computer and AI technologies have led to the apparition of a new sensing and perception paradigm, the symbiotic human/instrumentpartnership. Humansandanimalscanactassensoragentsproviding,usuallyfuzzy,explicit estimatesofspecificparametersofinterestwhichtheyarenaturallyabletofeelwhile artificial/machinesensorsarenotcapabletomeasure. Humanscouldbetrainedtoestimatethevalueofthequantitativeparameter ofinterestwithvaryingquantisationerrorsandconfidencelevelssuchasfreezing, cold,cool,oraround–20oC.Humansareabletorecognisecolourswithaveryhigh resolution. Dogshavebeentrainedtorecognisebysmellevenweakodourlevels ofsubstanceslikedrugsorexplosives,whilepigsareusedtodetecttruffles. Observing non-verbal behaviour of humans, animals, or vegetation could provide indirect-measurement clues about environmentalparameters such as ambient smell, radiation, air and water quality, extreme spectrum vibrations, etc., which aredifficultorimpossibletomeasurebyinstrumentsbutarenaturallydetectedby humans,animals,orvegetation,Forexample,canariesandmicewereusedforcen- turiesasmethanegasandcarbonmonoxidedetectorsinthecoalminestoprovide warning for explosion-potential and poisoned air. Leaf colouration and growth levelsofplantsandtreesareusedasqualitativeindicatorsofenvironmentstatus suchasairandwaterpollution,temperature,etc. Withoutenteringintotheoreticalandtechnicaldetails,thisbookrepresentsa thoughtprovokingintroductiontotheintriguing fieldofsensingandperception basedonaneverevolvinghuman-instrumentpartnership. Itdiscussesnewintel- ligent sensor technologies which areavailabletodayto enhance naturalsensing, perception, and mobility abilities of humans allowing them to have a healthier, moreproductive,saferandoverallbetterlife. EmilM.Petriu 12February2009 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2 July8,2007 0:43 RPS:PanStanfordPublishingBook-6.5inx9.75in Preface Preface Thehumansensingcapabilityisdecreasingincapacityandaffectedbyageneral deterioration, mostly depending on generation heritage, civilisation, contamina- tion,andinshortrangeperhapsmostlyaffectedbyage. Theprimarymotivation for human-based sensing or more correctly artificial perceptual sensor systems, therefore, is to explore an area of human complementary sensor systems that is foreseen to provide a new and emerging capability in human performance and well-being. Thisbookviewsanapproach,thatdirectsthepossibilityofincreasedpercep- tion,lookingatthefactthatwesearchformoreexperienceandadventuresinour lives. Alsowithacontinuouslygrowingpopulationthescientificfieldofhuman- basedsensingwillsubstantiallyincreasetheinterestforcommercialsolutionsthat complementtheperceptualsensingabilityofanindividual. Artificial-basedsensingconsider,forexcellentreasons,aneedforsensorsand new sensor principles, in order to design systems that complement the human abilitiesfordirectandindirectinteractionwiththerealworld,togetanincreased quality of information. The interaction also provides challenges. The definition of the optimal communication flow — that is to receive the right information in time,withdatathatmostlikelyisnotredundantnorofgoodquality,alsorequires anabilitytointeractwiththeproximityofanindividualhuman. Theproblemis thatinmostmeasurementsthereisagreatdemandforadditionalinformationin parametersthatataspecifictimeisfragmentaryandpartiallypresented. Ifthere arepoororinsufficientdata,thereisalwaysapossibilitytoaccessmoreparamet- ricdataortofindtherequestedinformationbycomplementarydata.Forexample, bymeasuring,byanIR-sensor,thetemperatureinanearofachildisaconvenient techniquetogettheperceptionofsickness,thatistheresultprovidesadefinitive temperature. This is done to estimate whether the child has fever, no fever or adjoin.However,thisconclusioncouldalsobeestimatedbycomplementaryinfor- mation,checkingtheoverallconditionofthechild’sbehavior,redcheeks,crying, passive,sweating,freezingetc. This perspective is actually the intention with writing this sensor book, to get an excellent possibility to present a deeper view, describing the importance of information to provide an apprehension and knowledge about sensors, their prospects and opportunities in general and human based sensing in particular. This is considered to be an area of highly interest for individual person’s to get increasedenrichmentinlife. Thisconceptofsensor conceptmayalsocontribute to make individual’s able to be more active also when the perceptual abilities © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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