Artificial cilia

278 Pages·2013·12.854 MB·English

by  Jaap M J den Toonder, Patrick R Onck

Artificial Cilia
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RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
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Artificial Cilia
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doi: Patrick R Onck
org | University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials,
sc. The Netherlands
bs.r Email: [email protected]
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F Preface
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10 The idea for this book was born in December 2010 during the 2nd European
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oi:1 ConferenceonMicrofluidics(mFlu’10).Duringthatconferenceweorganizeda
g | d special session on cilia-driven flow, with beautiful contributions by many
or groups showing a variety of approaches to flow generation inspired by
c.
s biologicalcilia.Itbecamecleartousthatthisexcitingfieldwoulddeservetobe
s.r
ub broughttotheattentionofawideraudiencebecauseofitsdirectrelevancefor
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p:// practicalapplicationsinmicro-fluidicsandlab-on-a-chipdevices,becauseofits
htt inherent multi-disciplinary nature (combining fields such as fluid mechanics,
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o materials science, biology, numerical modelling and experimental fluid char-
aded y 2013 aincstperirizeastcioienn)t,ifibcutanadlsotecshimnoplloygbiceacladuesveetlhoipsmfieenldts.exemplifies how biology can
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wnl1 M Most ofthepresentersinthat specialsessionhavecontributedtothis book,
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Dn andwebelieveitgivesagoodoverviewofthestatusofthefieldofartificialcilia,
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bli
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madeitpossibleforustoplayaroleintheinitialstagesofthisemergingfield.
We thank the mFlu’10 committee for the opportunity to organize the session
dealingwithcilia-drivenflow.WethanktheRoyalSocietyofChemistryforthe
possibilitytopublishthebookandforallthepracticalsupport.And,wethank
all the authors for their excellent contributions!
We hope that readers will be inspired by this book, just as we have been
inspired by these intriguing little hairs called cilia!
Jaap den Toonder and Patrick Onck
RSCNanoscience&NanotechnologyNo.30
ArtificialCilia
EditedbyJaapMJdenToonderandPatrickROnck
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2013
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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9/ Chapter 1 Introduction 1
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doi: 1.1 Natural Cilia 1
g | 1.2 Low Reynolds Number Flows 7
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htt 1.5 Perspectives: Looking at the Future 11
on References 12
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ed Holger Stark
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2.2 Bead-spring Model for Artificial Cilia 19
2.2.1 Method of Mobilities 19
2.2.2 Rotne-Prager Approximation 21
2.2.3 Stretching and Bending
Forces 22
2.2.4 The Sperm Number 23
2.3 A Superparamagnetic Filament for
Fluid Transport 24
2.3.1 Actuation of the Filament 25
2.3.2 Pumping Performance 25
2.3.3 Two-dimensional Stroke 26
RSCNanoscience&NanotechnologyNo.30
ArtificialCilia
EditedbyJaapMJdenToonderandPatrickROnck
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2013
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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viii Contents
2.3.4 Metachronal Waves 30
2.3.5 Three-dimensional Stroke 33
2.4 Summary 34
References 35
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98- S. N. Khaderi, J. M. J. Den Toonder and P. R. Onck
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doi: 3.3.1 Curled Permanently Magnetic Cilia 44
g | 3.3.2 Super-paramagnetic Cilia 45
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ow31 References 59
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Speciesin Solution: From ChemicalReagents to
Microscopic Particles 63
Pratyush Dayal, Olga Kuksenok, Amitabh Bhattacharya,
Gavin A. Buxton, O. Berk Usta and Anna C. Balazs
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Modeling the Interaction of Belousov–Zhabotinsky
Cilia and Reagents in Solution 65
4.2.1 Methodology 65
4.2.2 Results and Discussion 67
4.3 Modeling the Interaction of Adhesive Cilia with
Microscopic Particles 76
4.3.1 Methodology 77
4.3.2 Results and Discussion 80
4.4 Conclusions 85
Acknowledgement 86
References 86
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Contents ix
Section 2 Experimental Approaches to Create Artificial Cilia
Chapter 5 Electrostatic Artificial Cilia 91
Jaap M. J. den Toonder
5.1 Introduction 91
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References 113
Chapter 6 Ferromagnetic Cilia 116
Francis Fahrni and Leo J. van Ijzendoorn
6.1 Introduction 116
6.2 (Ferro-)magnetic Actuation and Scaling Behaviours 118
6.2.1 Torque 118
6.2.2 Gradient Force 119
6.2.3 Scaling 121
6.2.4 Ferromagnetic Versus Super-paramagnetic 123
6.3 Fabrication and Experimental Methods 125
6.3.1 Ferromagnetic Polydimethylsiloxane
Composite 125
6.3.2 Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Lying
Artificial Cilia 126
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6.3.3 Quadrupole Set-up for a Rotating
Magnetic Field 128
6.3.4 Closed Micro-fluidic Channel Assembly and
Particle Tracking Experiments 129
6.4 Results and Discussion 130
07 6.4.1 Magnetization of the Ferromagnetic PDMS
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Chapter8 Hydrogel-ActuatedIntegratedResponsiveSystems(HAIRS):
Creating Cilia-like ‘Hairy’ Surfaces 162
Alison Grinthal and Joanna Aizenberg
8.1 Introduction 162
8.2 Creating the Lexicon of Nanohair Motions 164
8.2.1 Nanohair Gymnastic Abilities 164
8.2.2 Programming the Elements of Motion 167
8.2.3 Cooperation with the Solvent 169
8.3 HydrogelastheDrivingForce:NanohairsMeetTheir
Match 171
8.3.1 Tailoring Hydrogels as Chemo-mechanical
Transducers 171
8.3.2 Putting Hairs and Gels Together 173
8.3.3 Sculpting the Gel 174