Artificial Cells: Biotechnology, Nanomedicine, Regenerative Medicine, Blood Substitutes, Bioencapsulation, Cell/Stem Cell Therapy (Regenerative Medicine, Artificial Cells and Nanomedicine)

482 Pages·2007·7.71 MB·English

Regenerative Medicine, Artificial Cells and Nanomedicine – Vol. 1
ARTIFICIAL CELLS
Biotechnology,
Nanomedicine,
Regenerative Medicine,
Blood Substitutes,
Bioencapsulation,
and Cell/Stem Cell Therapy
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Regenerative Medicine, Artificial Cells and Nanomedicine – Vol. 1
ARTIFICIAL CELLS
Biotechnology,
Nanomedicine,
Regenerative Medicine,
Blood Substitutes,
Bioencapsulation,
and Cell/Stem Cell Therapy
Thomas Ming Swi Chang
McGill University, Canada
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chang, Thomas Ming Swi.
Artificial cells : biotechnology, nanomedicine, regenerative medicine, blood substitutes,
bioencapsulation, cell/stem cell therapy / by Thomas Ming Swi Chang.
p. ; cm. -- (Regenerative medicine, artificial cells and nanomedicine ; v. 1)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-981-270-576-1 (hardcover) -- ISBN-10: 981-270-576-7 (hardcover)
ISBN-13: 978-981-270-778-9 (pbk.) -- ISBN-10: 981-270-778-6 (pbk.)
1. Artificial cells. 2. Blood substitutes.3. Nanotechnology. I. Title. II. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Blood Substitutes. 2. Biotechnology. 3. Cells. 4. Nanomedicine.
5. Regenerative Medicine. WH 450 C456a 2007]
RM171.7.C478 2007
615'.39—dc22
2007013738
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright © 2007 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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Dedication
My wife, Lancy, for her selfless dedication, moral support and
encouragementthroughoutmy50yearsofresearchonartificialcells.
My children, Harvey,Victor, Christine and Sandra.
Mygrandchildren,Josh,Jared,Micaela,Matthew,EmmaandKatya.
v
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Acknowledgements
Thisresearchwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutaccesstothevast
amountofthescientificknowledgegatheredbynumerousinvestigators
throughout the centuries around the world.
Moreimmediately,therearemanypeoplewhohaveatonetimeor
another given invaluable encouragement, support or advice. It is not
possible to acknowledge all, except to mention a few early examples
when this work was at its very beginning. Sir Arnold Burgen, F.R.S.,
while at McGill, has through his teaching and discussions initiated
my deep interest in the area of membrane and cell physiology. In
1956, he supported my request to Professor F. C. MacIntosh, F.R.S.,
thenChairmanoftheDepartmentofPhysiology,tomovemyresearch
from my dormitory room to a corner of the teaching laboratory in
thedepartment.ProfessorMacIntoshhas,inaddition,givenmemuch
encouragement and support at the beginning. In 1962, Professor S.
G. Mason, was interested in using my 1957 artificial cells for some
of his rheology experiments and invited me to his laboratory for
six months. I am thankful to the Canadian biomedical scientists for
their open enthusiasm and standing ovation when I first presented
this study at the Annual Conference of the Canadian Federation of
Biological Societies in 1963.This and the acceptance of my paper as
thesoleauthorbySciencein1964,suggestedtomethatthisresearch
might have some future potential for use in medicine.This played an
important role in my decision to continue with the research rather
than to go into clinical practice. Professor D.V. Bates, then Chairman
of the Department of Physiology, for his support and help in greatly
expandingmyresearchfacilities.ProfessorJ.Beck,Physician-in-Chief
oftheRoyalVictoriaHospital,forhissupportinmyfirstclinicaltrialson
vii
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viii ArtificialCells
hemoperfusionandthenephrologistsattheMcGillTeachinghospitals
for referring their patients to me to carry out the hemoperfusion
procedures—especiallyDr.A.Gonda,Dr.PaulBarre,Dr.M.Levy,and
Dr. J Dirks. My uncle, Professor Robert SM Chang, especially for his
advice on academic “protocols.” Professor S. Freedman, while dean
of medicine, recognized this research effort as theArtificial Cells and
OrgansResearchCentreatMcGillUniversity.Mysincereappreciation
also goes to Professor W. Kolff, Professor A. Burton, Professor O.
Denstedt, and many others for their interests, encouragement, and
support especially in the early phase of this research. This included
professors,chairmenofdepartments,deansoffaculties,vice-principals
and principals at McGill University and the many colleagues around
the world.
Thisresearchwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutmywife,Lancy.
Through her cheerful acceptance she has made it possible for me to
combine this research with the heavy load of a medical student in
the early years. Since 1958, in addition to her moral support, she has
looked after everything for me at home and even in my office so as
to allow me to concentrate completely and fully on my research and
other academic activities. She has also contributed extensively to this
monograph by carrying out the very time consuming and laborious
taskofinputting,typing,arrangingandeditingtheverylargereference
section.
It has been a pleasure to work in my laboratory with the many past
and present graduate students, research fellows, research assistants,
research associates and others, especially (alphabetically): Barre, P,
Bourget, L, Bruni, S, Cameron, D, Campbell J, Cattaneo, M, Chang,
H, Chang,V, Chawla, AS, Chirito, E, Chow, KM, Chuang, S, Coffey,
JF, Cole, C, Coromili,V, Cousineau, J, D’Agnillo, F, Daka, J, Dixit,V,
Ergan, F, Espinosa-Melendez, E, Francoeur,TE, Fustier, C, Garofalo, F,
Grunwald, J, Grunwald, J, Gu, JS, Gu, KF, Hertzman, CM, Hewish,
M, Holeczek, K, Ilan, E, Ito,Y, Johnson, L, Kashani, SA, Keipert, PE,
Khanna,R,Kuntarian,N,Kuruvilla,S,LeeBurns,T,Lesser,B,Lister,C,
Liu,ZC,Lloyd-George,I,Lo,KS,Malave,N,Malouf,C,Migchelsen,M,
Mobed,M,Mohsini,K,Morley,D,Morton,P,Nalchesky,P,Nasielski,
P, Ning, J, Nishiya, T, O’Keefe, P, Piskin, E, Pont, A, Powanda, D,
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Acknowledgements ix
Poznansky, M, Prakash, S, Prichard, S, Quebec, EA, Ransome, O,
Razack,S,Reiter,B,Resurreccio´n,E,Rodrigue,A,Rong,J,Rosenthal,
AM,Safos,S,Sarkissian,CN,Shi,ZQ,Shu,CD,Sipehia,R,Siu-Chong,
E,Sorrini,P,Stark,A,Stefanescu,A,Tabata,Y,Tani,T,Taroy,E,Varma,
R,Verzosa,A,Wahl,HP,Walter,S,WatsonW,Wong,H,Wong,N,Yu,
BL,Yu,WP,Yu,YT,Yuan,ZY,Zheng,WH,Zhou,MX,Zolotareva,Eand
others.
I gratefully acknowledge the financial support as follows: My
parents in the first summer of 1957. The Faculty of Medicine at
McGill for support throughout the next three summers. When this
research was carried out on a full time basis from 1962, the
Medical Research Council of Canada for the research support and for
the awards, respectively, as Medical Research Fellow (1962–1965),
Medical Research Council Scholar (1965–1968), and MRC Career
Investigatorfrom1968untiltheendofthecareerinvestigatorprogram
in1999.AftertheMRCbecamethenewCanadianInstitutesofHealth
Research, it continued with ongoing research supports. When the
Quebec Ministry of Education, Science and Technology started the
new“VirageCentreofExcellenceinHighTechnology”program,they
awarded me one of the first centers. The Bayer/Canadian Red Cross
Society/MedicalResearchCouncilofCanadaJointFundsprogramhad
supported my research on blood substitutes even before the H.I.V.
crisis in donor blood. The more recent Quebec Ministry of Health’s
Hemovigillance andTransfusion Medicine Program has awarded me
its first Research Group (d’equipe) to work on “Biomedical Research
onBloodSubstitutesinTransfusionMedicine.”Inadditiontotheabove
majorlong-termresearchsupports,therewerealsosmallerandshorter
termresearchsupportsfromotheragenciesandorganizationsoverthe
last many years.
It has been a pleasure to accept the invitation of World Scientific
Publishing to prepare this monograph. Their scientific editor, Ms.
SC Lim, has been most helpful throughout the preparation of this
monograph.