Articles Soils and Rocks

133 Pages·2012·7.81 MB·English

ISSN 1980-9743
SOILSandROCKS AnInternationalJournalofGeotechnicalandGeoenvironmentalEngineering
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Soils and Rocks is an International Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering published by
ABMS - Brazilian Association for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, – Prédio 11 – Térreo
Cidade Universitária, 05508-901 São Paulo, SP
Brazil
SPG – Portuguese Geotechnical Society
LNEC, Avenida do Brasil, 101
1700-066 Lisboa
Portugal
Issue Date:June 2012
Issue:350 copies and 2150 online-distributed copies
Manuscript Submission:For review criteria and manuscript submission information, see Instructions for Authors at the end.
Disclaimer:Theopinionsandstatementspublishedinthisjournalaresolelytheauthor’sandnotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoropinions
ofthepublishers(ABMSandSPG).Thepublishersdonotacceptanyliabilityarisinginanywayfromtheopinions,statementsanduseof
the information presented.
Copyright:Authors and ABMS-Brazilian Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
SOILS and ROCKS
An International Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
EditorAndré Pacheco de Assis -University of Brasilia, Brazil
Co-editorManuel Matos Fernandes -University of Porto, Portugal
Executive Board
Márcio Muniz de Farias Fernando Schnaid Jorge Almeida e Sousa
University of Brasilia, Brazil Federal Univ. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil University of Coimbra, Portugal
João Maranha
LNEC, Portugal
Associate Editors
H. Einstein E. Maranha das Neves Harry G. Poulos
MIT, USA Lisbon Technical University, Portugal University of Sidney, Australia
John A. Hudson Nielen van der Merve Niek Rengers
Imperial College, UK University of Pretoria, South Africa ITC, The Netherlands
Kenji Ishihara Paul Marinos Fumio Tatsuoka
University of Tokyo, Japan NTUA, Greece Tokyo University of Science, Japan
Michele Jamiolkowski James K. Mitchell Luiz González de Vallejo
Studio Geotecnico Italiano, Italy Virginia Tech., USA UCM, Spain
Willy A. Lacerda Lars Persson
COPPE/UFRJ, Brazil SGU, Sweden
Editorial Board Members
Claudio P. Amaral R. Jonathan Fannin Teruo Nakai
Pontifical Catholic University, Brazil University of British Columbia, Canada Nagoya Inst. Technology, Japan
Roberto F. Azevedo Sérgio A.B. Fontoura Claudio Olalla
Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil Pontifical Catholic University, Brazil CEDEX, Spain
Nick Barton Roger Frank Antonio M.S. Oliveira
Consultant, Norway LCPC, France University of Guarulhos, Brazil
Richard J. Bathurst Maria H.B.O. Frascá Ennio M. Palmeira
Royal Military College of Canada IPT, Brazil University of Brasilia, Brazil
Frederick Baynes Carlos D. Gama José D. Rodrigues
Baynes Geologic Ltd., Australia Lisbon Technical University, Portugal Consultant, Portugal
Pierre Bérest Vinod Garga R. Kerry Rowe
LCPC, France University of Ottawa, Canada Queen’s University, Canada
Omar Y. Bitar Nuno Grossmann Rodrigo Salgado
IPT, Brazil LNEC, Portugal University of Purdue, USA
Helmut Bock Richard J. Jardine Sandro S. Sandroni
Q+S Consult, Germany Imperial College, UK Consultant, Brazil
Laura Caldeira Milton Kanji Luís R. Sousa
LNEC, Portugal University of São Paulo, Brazil University of Porto, Portugal
Tarcisio Celestino Peter Kaiser Fabio Taioli
University of São Paulo-SC, Brazil Laurentian University, Canada University of São Paulo, Brazil
António S. Cardoso Luís L. Lemos Luis Valenzuela
University of Porto, Portugal University of Coimbra, Portugal Consultant, Chile
Chris Clayton José V. Lemos Ricardo Vedovello
University of Surrey, UK LNEC, Portugal São Paulo Geological Institute, Brazil
António G. Coelho Serge Leroueil Andrew Whittle
Consultant, Portugal University of Laval, Canada MIT, USA
Nilo C. Consoli Robert Mair Jorge G. Zornberg
Federal Univ. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil University of Cambridge, UK University of Texas/Austin, USA
António G. Correia Mario Manassero Lázaro V. Zuquette
University of Minho, Portugal Politécnico di Torino, Italy University of São Paulo, Brazil
Rui M. Correia He Manchao
LNEC, Portugal CUMT, China
Roberto Q. Coutinho João Marcelino
Federal Univ. of Pernambuco, Brazil LNEC, Portugal
António P. Cunha António C. Mineiro
LNEC, Portugal New University of Lisbon, Portugal
Soils and Rocks publishes papers in English in the broad fields of Geotechnical Engineering, Engineering Geology and Geo-
environmentalEngineering.TheJournalispublishedinApril,AugustandDecember.SubscriptionpriceisUS$90.00peryear.Thejour-
nal,withthename“SoloseRochas”,wasfirstpublishedin1978bytheGraduateSchoolofEngineering,FederalUniversityofRiode
Janeiro(COPPE-UFRJ).In1980itbecametheofficialmagazineoftheBrazilianAssociationforSoilMechanicsandGeotechnicalEngi-
neering(ABMS),acquiringthenationalcharacterthathadbeentheintentionofitsfounders.In1986italsobecametheofficialJournalof
theBrazilianAssociationforEngineeringGeologyandtheEnvironment(ABGE)andin1999becametheLatinAmericanGeotechnical
Journal,followingthesupportofLatin-AmericanrepresentativesgatheredforthePan-AmericanConferenceofGuadalajara(1996).In
2007thejournalacquiredthestatusofaninternationaljournalunderthenameofSoilsandRocks,publishedbytheBrazilianAssociation
for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ABMS), Brazilian Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment
(ABGE) and Portuguese Geotechnical Society (SPG). In 2010, ABGE decided to publish its own journal and left the partnership.
Soils and Rocks
1978, 1 (1, 2)
1979, 1 (3), 2 (1,2)
1980-1983, 3-6 (1, 2, 3)
1984, 7 (single number)
1985-1987, 8-10 (1, 2, 3)
1988-1990, 11-13 (single number)
1991-1992, 14-15 (1, 2)
1993, 16 (1, 2, 3, 4)
1994-2010, 17-33 (1, 2, 3)
2011, 34 (1, 2, 3, 4)
2012, 35 (1,
ISSN 1980-9743 CDU 624.131.1
ISSN1980-9743
SOILS and ROCKS
An International Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Publication of
ABMS - BrazilianAssociationforSoilMechanicsandGeotechnicalEngineering
SPG - Portuguese Geotechnical Society
Volume 35, N. 1, January-April 2012
Table of Contents
XXVII MANUEL ROCHA LECTURE
Design with Geo-Hazards: An Integrated Approach from Engineering Geological Methods
L.I. González de Vallejo 1
ARTICLES
Considerations on the Probability of Failure of Mine Slopes
A.S.F.J. Sayão, S.S. Sandroni, S.A.B. Fontoura, R.C.H. Ribeiro 31
Electroosmosis in the Remediation of Tropical Soils Contaminated with Cadmium:
Effect of the Incubation Time
R.Z. Velten, D.C. Lima, M.P.F. Fontes, C.A.B. Carvalho 39
Modification of a Lateritic Soil with Lime and Cement:
An Economical Alternative for Flexible Pavement Layers
F.H.M. Portelinha, D.C. Lima, M.P.F. Fontes, C.A.B. Carvalho 51
Evaluation of Direct Shear Tests on Geogrid Reinforced Soil
A.S.F.J. Sayão, A.C.C.F. Sieira 65
Developing a System for Down-Hole Seismic Testing Together with the CPTU
O.P.M. Vitali, R.A.A. Pedrini, L.P.R. Oliveira, H.L. Giacheti 75
Estimating Young Moduli in Sands from the NormalizedN Blow Count
60
A. Conde de Freitas, M. Pacheco, B.R. Danziger 89
The Influence of the Relative Density of Sands in SPT and CPT Correlations
J.M.S. Souza, B.R. Danziger, F.A.B. Danziger 99

XXVII Manuel Rocha Lecture
ManuelRocha(1913-1981)washonouredbythePortugueseGeotechnicalSocietywith
the establishment of the Lecture Series bearing his name in 1984.
HavingcompletedtheCivilEngineeringDegreeattheTechnicalUniversityofLisbon
(1938)hedidpost-graduatetrainingatMIT.Hewasthedrivingforcebehindthecreation
oftheresearchteaminCivilEngineeringthatwouldleadtothefoundationoftheNational
LaboratoryforCivilEngineering(LNEC),inLisbon.HewasHeadofLNECfrom1954to
1974 and led it to the cutting edge of research in Civil Engineering.
Hisresearchworkhadgreatimpactintheareaofconcretedamsandrockmechanics.He
wasthe1stPresidentoftheInternationalSocietyforRockMechanicsandorganizedits1st
CongressinLisbon(1966).Hedidconsultancyworkinnumerouscountries.HewasHon-
oraryPresidentofthePortugueseGeotechnicalSociety,havingpromotedwithgreatcom-
mitmentthecooperationbetweenPortugalandBrazilintheareaofCivilEngineering,and
memberoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUSA.Recognizedasabrilliantre-
searcher,scientistandprofessor,withasharp,discerningintellectalliedtoaprodigiousca-
pacity for work and management, he was truly a man of many talents.
Prof. L.I. González de Vallejo, Emeritus Professor of Geological Engineering at
UniversidadComplutensedeMadrid(UCM).PhD(UCM)andMSc(ImperialCollege).
DirectoroftheMScCoursesinGeologicalEngineeringatUCM(1990-2008).Hehasded-
icatedhisprofessionalcareeringeologicalengineeringtoteaching,researchandconsult-
ing,andhehasconductedalargenumberofgeologicalandgeotechnicalinvestigationsin
SpainandCentralandSouthAmerica.Haswritten150scientificpapersandfivebooks.
Past-ChairmanoftheJTC3onEducationandTrainingofFedGIS.Hehasbeeninvitedto
presentthe2ndIng.MarianoRuizVazquezMemorialLectureattheAcademyofEngi-
neering of Mexico (2007) and the 27th Manuel Rocha Lecture at the Portuguese
GeotechnicalSocietyandtheAssociaçãodeGeotécnicosAntigosAlunosdaUNL(2010).
Soils and Rocks
v. 35, n. 1

Design with Geo-Hazards: An Integrated Approach from
Engineering Geological Methods
L.I. González de Vallejo
Abstract. An engineering geological approach to analysed geo-hazards affecting engineering and planning design
decisionsispresented.Themethodologicalproceduresincludehazardidentification,hazardassessment,sitevulnerability,
economic cost, environmental impact, risk assessment, social acceptability, decision analysis and engineering design
criteria.ThepracticalapplicationoftheEngineeringGeologicalMethodology(EGM)isshowninseveralcasestudies:
damsafetyproblemsduetoslopeinstabilityandinducedseismicityduringreservoirfilling;seismichazardassessmentin
regionswithinsufficientseismicdataandtectonicinformation;andlargescalegeo-hazardsduetogiantlandslidesand
relatedtsunamis.TheEGMapproachcanprovidefundamentalcriteriaforengineeringdecisionsandterritorialplanning.
Social acceptability should be included in the decision analysis being evaluated according with the hazard level of the
geological process and the corresponding risk of the affected elements. Examples of geo-hazards and their social
acceptability are presented.
Keywords:geological hazards, engineering geology, hazard assessment, risk assessment, Canary Islands, Tenerife.
whenalargeengineeringorlandplanningprojectisunder-
1. Introduction
taken.
Oneofthefirstbookstoincludegeologicalfactorsas OneofthemainapplicationsofEG,asthescienceap-
aconditioningparameterofurbanandinfrastructureplan- pliedtothestudyandsolutionofproblemsproducedbythe
ning was Ian McHarg’s pioneering “Design with Nature” interactionofthegeologicalenvironmentandhumanactiv-
publishedin1969.Now,morethan40yearslater,thesecri- ity,istheevaluation,preventionandmitigationofgeologi-
teriaarewellestablishedandconcernfortheenvironment calhazards.Problemsarisingfromtheinteractionbetween
hasgrowntothepointwhereitisoneofthemostcritical humanactivitiesandthegeologicalenvironmentmakeap-
factorsinanylargeengineeringproject.However,itisonly propriateactionstobalancenaturalconditionsandlanduse
inrecenttimesthatnaturalhazardshavebeenproperlyac- withgeologicalhazardpreventionandmitigationmethods
countedforinengineeringdesignandinfrastructureplan- thatareessentialattheplanningstage.Theseactionsshould
ning. This concern is reflected in the title of this lecture: haveastheirstartingpointanunderstandingofgeodynamic
“Design with Geo-Hazards”. activeprocessesandofthegeomechanicalbehaviourofthe
Theapproachpresentedhereisbasedonengineering ground.
geologicalmethodstoprovidesolutionstothegeo-hazards
Damage related to specific geological processes de-
problems involved in engineering design decisions. Engi-
pends on:
neering Geology (EG) helps to reduce risk effectively, to
(cid:129) The speed, magnitude and extent of the process.
designandbuildsaferandmoreeconomicalinfrastructure,
and to ensure environmental compatibility. (cid:129) Whether actions can be taken to control the process or
protect elements exposed to its effects.
Thetermgeologicalhazards-orgeo-hazards-usually
referstoearthquakes,landslides,volcaniceruptionsortsu- Theeffectsofgroundmovementsmaybedirectorin-
namibecauseoftheircatastrophiceffects.However,there direct, short or long term or permanent. Some tectonic or
arealsootherminordamaginggeo-hazardsthathavetobe isostaticprocessesdeveloponageologicaltimescale,what
considered,suchasthoselistedinTable1.Theeffectsof means that their effects cannot be considered on a human
geo-hazardsareusuallyaccompaniedbyotherrelatedphe- scale.Onlycertainprocesses,whentheyoccuronanengi-
nomena. Earthquakes can induce a variety of associated neeringorgeotechnicalscale,canbecontrolledbyhuman
hazards such as ground shaking, surface deformation and action,suchaslandslidesorrockfalls,erosion,subsidence
faulting, liquefaction, landslides, rockfalls and tsunamis. andfloods.Others,suchasearthquakes,tsunamis,volcanic
Hydrometeorologicalhazards,suchasfloodsorheavyrain, eruptionsandlargescalelandslidesareoutsidethescopeof
canalsocauselandslides,rockfalls,earthanddebrisflows humancontrol.Heretheimportanceofconsideringthein-
on slopes. The nature of the geo-hazards and their conse- fluence of Earth dynamic processes on the design and
quences at a particular site should always be considered safetyofengineeringworksandinstallations.Thefollow-
L.I. González de Vallejo, Professor of Geological Engineering, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. E-mail: [email protected].
Invited Lecture, No discussion.
Soils and Rocks, São Paulo, 35(1): 3-28, January-April, 2012. 3
González de Vallejo
Table 1 - Geological and meteorological processes which may Theprobabilitypthataspecificintensityvalue(e.g.anac-
cause risk (González de Vallejo & Ferrer, 2011). celerationvalueinthecaseofearthquakes)corresponding
toanaveragereturnperiodT(years)willbeexceededdur-
Processes Risk
ing a specific time periodtis expressed as:
External geo-dynamic pro- - Landslides and rock falls
(cid:4) 1 (cid:7)t
cesses - Collapse and subsidence p(cid:2)1(cid:3)(cid:6)1(cid:3) (cid:9) (2)
- Erosion (cid:5) T (cid:8)
- Expansivity and
collapsibility of soils Thetimet(years)canbetheservicelifeofadamorbuild-
ing,thatis,theexpectedexposuretimeorusefullifeofthe
Internal geo-dynamic pro- - Earthquakes and tsunami
structure.Table2showstheservicelifeofdifferentinstal-
cesses - Volcanic activity
- Diapirism lations;Fig.1givestheprobabilityofexceedancecurvesas
a function of this parameter and of the return periodT.
Meteorological processes - Torrential rain and intense
Theconceptofrisk,R,includessocio-economiccon-
precipitation
- Flooding and flash floods siderations and is defined as the potential losses due to a
- Gully erosion processes specificnaturalphenomenon(humanlives,directandindi-
- Hurricanes rect economic losses, damage to buildings or structures,
- Tornados etc.).Atthepresenttime,theriskofearthquakesisthemost
widelydeveloped.Seismicriskisdefinedastheexpected
lossesthatstructureswillsufferduringtheperiodtheyare
ing sections present fundamental aspects related to the
exposedtoseismicactivity;thistimeperiodisknownasthe
evaluation of geological hazards for engineering projects.
exposure time or service life of the structure, as has been
2. Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability mentioned above.
Risk is evaluated starting from the hazard corre-
Inhazardstudiesspecificterminologyisusedtode- spondingtoaparticularprocess(cause)andtheeffectsof
fine hazard, risk and vulnerability. The term “hazard” re- thisontheelementsexposedtothehazard(consequences).
fers to any more or less violent process which may affect These effects on the exposed elements (buildings, infra-
peopleorproperty;itisoftentakentobesynonymouswith structures,people,etc.)maybeexpressedbydifferentpa-
“risk”,althoughthetwoconceptsarenotthesame.Hazard
referstothegeologicalprocess,risktothelossesandvul-
Table2-Servicelifeofdifferentinstallations(t)(Gonzálezde
nerability to damage. These concepts will be defined, ac-
Vallejo & Ferrer, 2011).
cording to how they are generally used.
Hazard,H,referstothefrequencywithwhichapro- Structure or installation t(years)
cessoccursanditslocation.Itisdefinedastheprobability
Storage of radioactive waste 10,000
ofoccurrenceofapotentiallydamagingphenomenonata
Nuclear power stations 40-80
specified level of intensity or severity for a given time
withinaspecificarea(Varnes,1984).Toevaluatehazard, Dams 100-150
the following information is needed: Bridges, tunnels and major infrastructure works 100
(cid:129) Where and when the processes occurred in the past. Storage of toxic waste 250
(cid:129) Their intensity and magnitude. Conventional buildings and structures 50-70
(cid:129) The areas where future processes may occur.
(cid:129) The frequency of the occurrence.
This last point can only be estimated if the process
timeframeisknow(e.g.thereturnperiodforearthquakesor
floods, from historical or instrumental data series), or for
thetriggeringfactors(e.g.thereturnperiodforrainfallthat
triggers landslides in a certain area).
Hazards,asithasbeenexplained,canbedefinedas
theprobabilityofoccurrenceofaphenomenonofspecific
intensity within a given period, but can also be expressed
using the return period T (years elapsing between two
eventsorprocessesofsimilarcharacteristics),whichisthe
inverse of the annual exceedance probability,P(a): Figure1-Probabilityofexceedence(p)ofaneventofknownre-
turnperiodoccurringintheservicelifeofastructure(Gonzálezde
T= 1/P(a) (1) Vallejo & Ferrer, 2011).
4 Soils and Rocks, São Paulo, 35(1): 3-28, January-April, 2012.