Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics

844 Pages·2001·30.15 MB·English

by  David E. Noakes

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Contributors
Dr Nazir Ahmad Professor David E Noakes
Associate Professor of Animal Reproduction Professor of Veterinary Obstetrics and
Department of Animal Reproduction Diseases of Reproduction
University of Agriculture Royal Veterinary College
Faisalabad University of London
Pakistan North Mymms
Hatfield
Professor Marzook M Al-Eknah UK
Professor of Theriogenology
Dr Timothy J Parkinson
College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Resources Associate Professor in Farm Animal Health
King Faisal University Institute ofVeterinary,Animal
Al-Ahsa and Biomedical Science
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Massey University
Palmerson North
Mr William B Christie New Zealand
Partner
Dr Jonathan F Pycock
Paragon ET
Director,Equine Reproductive Services
Tyne Green
Messenger Farm
Hexham
Ryton
UK
Malton
UK
Professor Gary C W England
Professor of Veterinary Reproduction
Mr Martin Sheldon
Royal Veterinary College
Senior Lecturer
North Mymms
Royal Veterinary College
Hatfield
University of London
UK
North Mymms
Hatfield
Dr Christianne E Glossop
UK
Pig Veterinarian
Merton Farmhouse Dr Keith C Smith
Lea Veterinary Practitioner
Malmesbury Department of Animal Health and Husbandry
UK University of Bristol
Langford
Dr Susan E Long
UK
Senior Lecturer
University of Bristol Mr David Whittaker
Department of Clinical Veterinary Science Huntingdon Life Sciences
Langford Huntingdon
UK UK
vii
Foreword
It is with a sense of pride and fulfillment that I have provided welcome encouragement to me and
respond to my fellow authors’ to have the eighth fellow authors to continue to update the book.
edition of “Veterinary Reproduction and The need to make comprehensive reviews for
Obstetrics”entitled to me. student use from the vast volume of new liter-
It was in 1962 that the late Professor J.G.Wright ature, particularly in the fields of reproductive
invited me to take over his “Benesh and Wright endocrinology, gonadal physiology and genetics,
Veterinary Obstetrics”, 2nd edition. In agreeing to is now a heavy task.In the context of stimulus to
his request, it was my intention to revise and further effort in authorship is the inspiration from
greatly enlarge his text for undergraduate students the work of prominent contributors to one’s par-
of veterinary science in English-speaking countries ticular discipline.The period of my 60 year career
and for it to serve as a reference source for practis- in clinical veterinary science has been notable for
ing veterinary surgeons,as well as for scientists of the contemporary lives of outstanding workers in
allied disciplines.These objectives have been fol- my field,from whose publications I have benefited
lowed since my 1964 third, to the present eighth, substantially. It is a pleasure to record my deep
edition. gratitude to the following gentlemen:- Professor
The original format of the book and the divi- W. Williams (Cornell), F. Benesch (Vienna),
sional layout of its contents into appropriate sec- N. Lagerlof (Stockholm), J. G.Wright (London),
tions and chapters have undergone progressive E.Amoroso (London),M.Vanderplassche (Gent)
development but the only major changes in subject and S.J.Roberts (Cornell).
titles have been the addition of chapters on “Exotic I will close by expressing my warmest thanks to
Species”, “Small Mammals” and “Embryo all who have contributed to previous and present
Transfer”,together with a vocational appendix of editions of our book. My special thanks go to
the materials used in the diagnosis and treatment Professor David Noakes,who has played a leading
of reproductive disorders.The advent of ultrasonic role in his work for the last three editions.
imaging has become established as a most useful It is extremely sad to refer to the death of
addition to the veterinary surgeons’ armoury; it Professor Harold Pearson since the publication of
is appropriately incorporated in the relevant the seventh edition.He is still greatly missed by all
chapters of the last three editions. who knew him as a brilliant clinician and teacher.
The favourable literary reviews of our book and
its wide use overseas,together with translation into Geoffrey H Arthur
French,Italian,Spanish,Portuguese and Japanese, 2001
ix
Preface
It is with great pleasure that we dedicate the 8th chapters devoted specifically to infertility in the
edition of Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics specific species. We welcome the contributions
to Professor Geoffrey Arthur, initially the sole, from four new authors: Dr Nazir Ahmad ,
and subsequently senior author who successfully Professor Marzook Al-Eknah ,Mr Martin Sheldon
husbanded five previous editions of the book from and Dr Keith Smith who revised the chapters on
‘conception to parturition’.It is in recognition of Buffalo, Camels, the caesarian operation in large
the outstanding contributions that he has made to animals and infertility in the ewe and goat,respec-
the subject over the last 50 years. He has influ- tively.We also thank those contributors to the 7th
enced, either directly or indirectly, the profes- Edition,who have painstakingly revised their chap-
sional lives of all of the contributors.Although this ters for the 8th edition: Mr Will Christie, embryo
will have been primarily in his role as a dedicated transfer; Dr Christianne Glossop, infertility in the
and stimulating clinical teacher,it is also because sow;Dr Susan Long,abnormal development of the
he was one of the first clinical researchers in vet- conceptus and its consequences,and Dr Jonathon
erinary reproduction; this will be recognised by Pycock,infertility in the mare.
readers of the book by the frequent reference to In addition, we would also like to express our
his published work. thanks to Wendy Lee who did an excellent job as
We are sad that the late Professor Harold Pearson Copy Editor,and Sheila Black and Scott Millar of
was unable to contribute to this 8thEdition.He was Harcourt Publishers for their hard work and cour-
one of the outstanding clinical teachers of the last teous professionalism in producing the 8thEdition
40 years,his writings were based on his vast experi- of the book.
ence as a clinician working at the Bristol Veterinary Inevitably, as we complete the revision of the
School as shown by his substantial contributions to 8th Edition, thought must be given to a 9th
the literature including previous editions of this Edition in the not-to-distant-future.With the vast
book. expansion in the knowledge base in the subject,
It is intended that this new edition should still and bearing in mind that the principal target
cater primarily for the undergraduate, although for the book is the veterinary undergraduate, we
others will find it to be a useful reference source.We will need to decide whether we can continue to
have added just one additional chapter,and that is enlarge both the length and the scope of the book
by Mr David Whittaker who covers normal repro- or whether we must review its format.
duction and reproductive disorders in rabbits and
rodents,which as well as still having a major role as
laboratory animals in research are also being kept David Noakes,
in increasing numbers as pets.We have also deleted Tim Parkinson
the chapter devoted specifically to Retained Fetal Gary England
Membranes and included this material in the 2001
xi
Plate 1 Adhesion almost completely obstructing the left uterine horn.
Plate 2 Removal of the obstruction by endoscopic cauterisation.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Plate 3 Repair of a third degree perineal laceration in a Friesian cow. (a) The perineal laceration exposed with cow
under caudal epidural anaesthesia. (b) Commencement of dissection of vaginal mucosa. (c) Completion of dissection of
vaginal mucosa; note exposed tissue ready for suturing. (d) Commencement of closure. (e) Closure almost completed.
(f) Restoration of a complete shelf of tissue between rectum and vagina, the dorsal commissure of the vulva is
subsequently repaired (see Figure 18.5).
Plate 4 Placenta of lamb that had aborted due to infection with C. psittaci (ovis). Note cotyledons covered with a
light-brown deposit and similar material on the surface of the intercotyledonary chorionic surface. (Courtesy of
A. J. Wilsmore).
Plate 5 Placenta of lamb that had aborted due to infection with T. gondii. (Courtesy of A. J. Wilsmore).
Plate 6 Aborted fetus showing characteristic lesion on the liver of C. fetusinfection.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Plate 7 Photomicrographs of exfoliative vagina cells during various stages of the reproductive cycle. The smears have
been stained with a modified Wright–Giemsa stain. (a) Anoestrus: parabasal epithelial cells and small intermediate
epithelial cells. (b) Pro-oestrus: small intermediate epithelial cells, large intermediate epithelial cells and erythrocytes.
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes are also found in low numbers during this stage of the cycle but are not demonstrated
here. (c) Early oestrus: large intermediate epithelial cells, anuclear epithelial cells and erythrocytes. Polymorphonuclear
leucocytes are generally absent during this stage of the cycle. (d) Oestrus: anuclear epithelial cells, large intermediate
epithelial cells and erythrocytes. The percentage of anuclear cells is high. (e) Metoestrus (higher magnification than
a–d): small intermediate epithelial cells and large numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. During early metoestrus
large intermediate epithelial cells may be present, and later numbers of parabasal epithelial cells increase. There is
often a large amount of background debris. (f) Late metoestrus (higher magnification than a–d): parabasal epithelial
cells and small vacuolated intermediate epithelial cells are typical of this stage of the cycle but may also be found
during anoestrus and more rarely during pro-oestrus.
1
Endogenous and exogenous
control of ovarian cyclicity
In nature,it is the general rule that animals breed tive activity. Provided the environmental influ-
once annually and parturition occurs in the ences are favourable at this time, then once the
spring,the time most favourable to the progeny in ‘biological clock’ is started it will continue for as
that they grow up during the period of increasing long as the environment remains favourable. In
light and warmth,and also at the time when food none of our domestic species is there a physiolo-
for the mother is most abundant to ensure ade- gical change comparable with the menopause of
quate lactation. Under the conditions of feeding women.
and housing provided by domestication the Amongst non-seasonal polycyclic animals,such
breeding season tends to be lengthened,and some as the cow and sow,the recurring cyclic activity is
of our species, particularly the cattle, may breed interrupted by pregnancy, lactation and patho-
at any time during the year; all domesticated logical conditions.In those species which are sea-
animals, however, show a constant tendency to sonally polycyclic, the mare, ewe, doe (or nanny)
revert to the natural breeding season. goat and cat, or monocyclic like the bitch, there
For an animal to breed, it must be mated and are periods of sexual quiescence or anoestrus.
hence must attract the male and be sexually When the female reaches puberty the genital
receptive (in heat or in oestrus). All domestic organs increase in size. During the prepubertal
species show recurring periods of sexual receptiv- period the growth of the genital organs is very
ity, or oestrous cycles, which are associated with similar to that of other organ systems, but at
the ripening in the ovaries of one or more puberty their growth rate is accelerated, a point
Graafian follicles and culminate in the shedding well illustrated in the gilt,where the mean length
of one or more ova.If a fertile mating occurs then of the uterine horns is increased by 58%, the
pregnancy may ensue. mean weight of the uterus by 72% and the
mean weight of the ovaries by 32% between 169
and 186 days of age (Lasley, 1968). Females of
PUBERTY AND THE ONSET OF CYCLIC domestic species reach the age of puberty at the
ACTIVITY following times:
● mare:1–2 years
The young female animal shows no evidence of
● cow:7–18 months
recurring or cyclic periods of sexual receptivity.
● ewe:6–15 months
The onset of such changes when the female
● doe or nanny goat:4–8 months
becomes sexually mature and able to reproduce is
● sow:6–8 months
referred to as puberty. Amongst females of the
● bitch:6–20 months
domestic species, puberty precedes the develop-
● queen cat:7–12 months
ment of physical maturity and, although they
become capable of reproducing, their efficiency, The changes that occur at puberty depend
particularly with respect to their fecundity, has directly upon the activity of the ovaries,which have
not reached its maximum. two functions: the production of the female
The initiation of puberty is largely a function of gametes and the synthesis of hormones.Let us con-
the animal’s age and maturity since the female is sider the changes that occur in the ovary of the
born with a genetic potential for cyclic reproduc- young heifer calf.At birth,each ovary may contain
3