Arthropod pests of horticultural crops in tropical Asia

181 Pages·2012·18.035 MB·English

by  R Muniappan, et al

A P H
RTHROPOD ESTS OF ORTICULTURAL
C T A
ROPS IN ROPICAL SIA
This page intentionally left blank
A P
RTHROPOD ESTS OF
H C
ORTICULTURAL ROPS IN
T A
ROPICAL SIA
Rangaswamy Muniappan
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
B. Merle Shepard
Clemson University, Coastal Research and Education Center
Charleston, South Carolina, USA
Gerald R. Carner
Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
and
Peter Aun-Chuan Ooi
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Perak Campus,
Kampar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
CABI CABI
Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue
Wallingford 7th Floor
Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139
UK USA
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone] (toll free)
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.cabi.org
© R. Muniappan, B.M. Shepard, G.R. Carner and P.A-C. Ooi 2012. All rights
reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any
means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Arthropod pests of horticultural crops in tropical Asia / Rangaswamy Muniappan
... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84593-951-9 (alk. paper)
1. Horticultural crops--Diseases and pests--Asia. 2. Arthropod pests--Asia. I.
Muniappan, R.

SB608.H83A78 2012
635.9’2095--dc23

2012001018
ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 951 9
Commissioning editor: Rachel Cutt s
Editorial assistant: Alexandra Lainsbury
Production editor: Fiona Chippendale
Typeset by Columns Design XML Ltd, Reading
Printed and bound by Gutenberg Press Limited, Tarxien, Malta
Contents
Authors vii
Foreword ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 Arthropod Pests and their Natural Enemies on Horticultural Crops in
Tropical Asia 1
2 Pests of Major Vegetable Crops 4
2.1 Pests of Beans (Phaseolus spp., Vigna spp., and others, Fabaceae) 4
2.2 Pests of Cabbage and other Crucifers (Cruciferae) 15
2.3 Pests of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) 24
2.4 Pests of Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae) 25
2.5 Pests of Eggplant (Brinjal) (Solanum melongena L., Solanaceae) 30
2.6 Pests of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L., Malvaceae) 37
2.7 Pests of Onion (Allium cepa L., Alliaceae) 42
2.8 Pests of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. and C. frutescens L., Solanaceae) 47
2.9 Pests of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae) 50
2.10 Pests of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Convolvulaceae) 52
2.11 Pests of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum (L.), Solanaceae) 56
3 Pests of Minor Vegetable Crops 63
3.1 Pests of Amaranths (Amaranthus spp., Amaranthaceae) 63
3.2 Pests of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L., Chenopodiaceae) 65
3.3 Pests of Carrot (Daucus carota L., Apiaceae) 65
3.4 Pests of Kangkong or water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk., Convolvulaceae) 66
4 Pests of Major Fruit Crops 67
4.1 Pests of Bananas (Musa spp., Musaceae) 67
4.2 Pests of Citrus (Citrus spp., Rutaceae) 74
v
vi Contents
4.3 Pests of Guava (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae) 86
4.4 Pests of Mango (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae) 89
4.5 Pests of Papaya (Carica papaya L., Caricaceae) 100
4.6 Pests of Pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr., Bromeliaceae) 104
5 Pests of Minor Fruit Crops 107
5.1 Pests of Avocado (Persea americana Mill., Lauraceae) 107
5.2 Pests of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, Moraceae) 108
5.3 Pests of Caimito, Cainito, or Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito L., Sapotaceae) 110
5.4 Pests of Carambola or Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola L., Oxalidaceae) 111
5.5 Pests of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr., Bombacaceae) 111
5.6 Pests of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk., Moraceae) 114
5.7 Pests of Lanzones or Langsat (Lansium domesticum Correa, Meliaceae) 114
5.8 Pests of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn., Sapindaceae) 115
5.9 Pests of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L., Guitt iferae) 116
5.10 Pests of Passion Fruit (Passifl ora edulis Sims, Passifl oraceae) 117
5.11 Pests of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L., Punicaceae) 118
5.12 Pests of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L., Sapindaceae) 119
5.13 Pests of Santol (Sandoricum koejapi Merr. (Sandoricum indicum Cav.), Meliaceae) 121
5.14 Pests of Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. van Royen, Sapotaceae) 122
5.15 Pests of Soursop (Annona muricata L., Annonaceae) 123
5.16 Pests of Sweetsop, Atis, or Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L., Annonaceae) 124
5.17 Pests of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L., Fabaceae) 126
5.18 Pests of Ziziphus (Ziziphus jujuba Miller, Rhamnaceae) 127
6 Pests of Other Crops 129
6.1 Pests of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardiaceae) 129
6.2 Pests of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae) 130
6.3 Pests of Coff ee (Coff ea arabica L. and Coff ea canephora Pierre, Rubiaceae) 133
6.4 Pests of Tea (Camellia sinensis L., Theaceae) 137
References 139
List of Parasitoids and Predators 145
Index 159
Authors
Rangaswamy Muniappan, Program Director, IPM CRSP, Virginia Tech, 526 Prices Fork Road,
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
B. Merle Shepard, Emeritus Professor of Entomology, Clemson University, Coastal Research and
Education Center, 2700 Savannah Hwy, Charleston, South Carolina 29414, USA. E-mail:
[email protected]
Gerald R. Carner, Emeritus Professor of Entomology, School of Agricultural Forest and Environmental
Sciences, 114 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA. E-mail:
[email protected]
Peter Aun-Chuan Ooi, Faculty of Science, Tan Sri Dato’ Philip Kuok Professorial Chair for
Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Perak Campus, Jalan Universiti,
Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected]
& [email protected]
vii
This page intentionally left blank
Foreword
The world’s population surpassed 7 billion in late 2011, with predictions that it will exceed 9
billion by 2050. Demand for food from cereal and horticultural crops is expected to grow
accordingly. As many Asian countries become more developed, the demand for food from
horticultural crops is expected to increase even more. Agriculture will be required to meet this
food demand with less land, less water, and less labor. Although staple food is provided by the
two main cereals, rice and wheat, food from horticultural crops such as beans, vegetables, and
fruits is also signifi cant for humans. The huge variety of food produced from horticultural
crops will provide not only diversity in taste but also sources of nutrients, minerals, and
vitamins for humankind to enjoy healthy food. Nonetheless, insect pests are constant threats
to horticultural crop production. Insects are the principal causes of yield losses in cabbage,
mango, and bean crops.
In Asia, growers generally rely on insecticides to avoid crop loss. In the past 5 years,
insecticide usage in many developing countries has escalated and misuse is becoming more
abundant. Pesticide residues in horticultural crops are becoming a deep concern. For growers
to manage their crops properly with a minimal use of pesticides, it is vitally important to be
able to diagnose pest problems. Similarly, for crop protection technicians and educators to be
able to advise growers and teach, they need to identify insect pests, assess the damage they
cause, and identify the related natural enemies.
This book, Arthropod Pests of Horticultural Crops in Tropical Asia, is an excellent reference
for researchers, extension personnel, and university students. The text provides detailed
descriptions of pests, their taxonomy, Latin and common names, their host ranges, the kinds of
damage they cause, and their natural enemies. Most relevant of all is the excellent photography
by the authors of the pest species and damage for readers to view. The photographs are from
the authors’ decades-old photo collections and many patient hours spent in capturing the
images. I am very glad that the authors are sharing their valuable photos with the world. This
book will be an important contribution to science, research, and the implementation of
integrated pest management of horticultural crops in Asia.
Robert S. Zeigler
Director General
International Rice Research Institute
ix