Arthritis - Pathophysiology, Prevention, Therapeutics - D. Bagchi, et. al., (CRC, 2011) WW

558 Pages·2011·7.1 MB·English

Arthritis

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PAT H O P H Y S I O L O G Y, P R E V E N T I O N ,

A N D T H E R A P E U T I C S

Arthritis

E D I T E D B Y

Debasis Bagchi,

Hiroyoshi Moriyama, and

Siba P. Raychaudhuri

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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To my best friend Sanjib Sengupta

—Debasis Bagchi

To my beloved mother, wife, daughter, and son

—Hiroyoshi Moriyama

To my beloved mother Bilwabasani Roychowdhury and
to my father Durga Pada Roychowdhury

—Siba P. Raychaudhuri

vii

Contents

Preface............................................................................................................................................ xiii
Editors ..............................................................................................................................................xv
Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xvii

I Overview and Pathophysiology
SECTION

1
Chapter
An Overview on Rheumatologic Disorders .................................................................3

S. Kumar and Rajiva Gupta

2
Chapter
Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis ....................................................................................23

Allen P. Anandarajah

3
Chapter
Biomarkers in Osteoarthritis ......................................................................................39

Muneaki Ishijima, Hisashi Kurosawa, Haruka Kaneko, and Kazuo Kaneko

4
Chapter
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Disease Pathophysiology .......................................................55

Ankit Saxena, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, and Siba P. Raychaudhuri

5
Chapter
Osteoclasts and Interleukin-17-Producing Helper T Cells in Rheumatoid
Arthritis ......................................................................................................................75

Kazuo Okamoto and Hiroshi Takayanagi

6
Chapter
WNT/β-Catenin Signaling Modulating Osteoarthritis ............................................. 91

Maripat Corr

7
Chapter
Psoriatic Arthritis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Quality of Life ..................... 103

Arathi R. Setty

II Consequences
SECTION

8
Chapter
Arthritis, Obesity, Increased Cardiovascular Risk, and Disability .......................... 115

Shampa Chatterjee

viii
Contents

III Antiarthritic Drugs
SECTION

9
Chapter
An Overview: Use of Traditional Antiarthritic Drugs and Update on Drug
Development .............................................................................................................125

Gabriela Schmajuk and Michael G. Lyon

10
Chapter
Nonsteroidal Anti-Infl ammatory Drugs ................................................................... 139

Anand Lal and Seeta Sharma

11
Chapter
Biologics: Target-Specifi c Treatment of Systemic and Cutaneous
Autoimmune Diseases .............................................................................................. 147

Siba P. Raychaudhuri and Smriti K. Raychaudhuri

12
Chapter
Topical Applications for Pain and Arthritic Diseases .............................................. 165

Norifumi Tanida, Kotaro Maekawa, and Masaru Nakanishi

13
Chapter
Hyaluronic Acid and Arthritis: A Review ................................................................ 183

Michele Abate

14
Chapter
Hyaluronan for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis ............199

Toshiaki Nakano and Yasufumi Takahashi

IV Natural Therapeutic Interventions
SECTION

15
Chapter
Immunomodulatory Activities of Japanese Traditional Medicines in
Rheumatoid Arthritis ............................................................................................... 219

Toshiaki Kogure

16
Chapter
An Overview on Natural Therapeutic Interventions ................................................ 231

Stanley Naguwa

17
Chapter
Potential Health Benefi ts from Nutrition and Dietary Supplements in the
Prevention of Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis ...........................................237

Cathy Creger Rosenbaum

18
Chapter
Antiarthritic Potential of Glucosamine and Chondroitin: An Overview .................245

Michael W. Orth and Pooi-See Chan

19
Chapter
An Overview on N-Acetylglucosamine and Arthritis ..............................................255

Daiki Kubomura, Uzuka Naoaki, and Yoshiharu Matahira

Contents
ix

20
Chapter
Hexosamine Flux and the Effi cacy and Safety of Glucosamine in the
Treatment of Osteoarthritis ...................................................................................... 261

Akhtar Afshan Ali, William Salminen, and Julian E. Leakey

21
Chapter
Safety and Effi cacy of a Unique Undenatured Type II Collagen in the
Treatment of Arthritis ..............................................................................................283

Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Ramesh C. Gupta, Hiroyoshi Moriyama, Manashi
Bagchi, Francis C. Lau, and Debasis Bagchi

22
Chapter
Targeting Infl ammatory Pathways by Nutraceuticals for Prevention and
Treatment of Arthritis ..............................................................................................295

Bokyung Sung, Gautam Sethi, Kwang Seok Ahn, Manoj K. Pandey, Ajaikumar
B. Kunnumakkara, and Bharat B. Aggarwal

23
Chapter
Boswellia serrata for Arthritis Relief: A Journey from Frankincense to Afl apin
and 5-Loxin ..............................................................................................................325

Alluri Venkata Krishnaraju, Krishanu Sengupta, Siba P. Raychaudhuri, and
Golakoti Trimurtulu

24
Chapter
Utilization of Marine Products in the Treatment and Prevention of
Osteoarthritis ............................................................................................................ 341

Tadakazu Tamai, Ayako Honmura, Hisashi Yoshioka, Tatsuya Konishi, Shisei
Kuninaga, Hiroshi Oda, Akinori Sakamoto, and Tsuyoshi Okada

25
Chapter
Benefi ts of Fish Oil for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review .......................................349

Christine Dawczynski and Gerhard Jahreis

26
Chapter
Potential Health Benefi ts of n-3 and -6 Fatty Acids in Selected Plant Seed Oils
in Rheumatoid Arthritis ...........................................................................................385

Hiroyuki Takeuchi, Hiroyoshi Moriyama, Debasis Bagchi, and
Siba P. Raychaudhuri

27
Chapter
Antiarthritic Potential of Bromelain from Ananas comosus and Its
Combination .............................................................................................................403

Dilip Ghosh

28
Chapter
Anti-Infl ammatory Properties of Zingiber offi cinale var. Rubra (Red Ginger
Extract) .....................................................................................................................409

Hiroshi Shimoda

29
Chapter
Benefi ts of Radix Tripterygium wilfordii for Rheumatoid Arthritis ........................ 419

Xiaojuan He, Shaohua Xu, Miao Jiang, Na Lin, and Aiping Lu

x
Contents

30
Chapter
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): A Review of Its Preclinical Use in the
Management of Osteoarthritis.................................................................................. 433

Kai Huang, Hai-li-Cai, Chun Zhang, Xiao-wen Zhang, Li-dong Wu, Li-feng
Shen, and Qiao-feng Guo

31
Chapter
Antiarthritic Potential of Green-Lipped Mussel and Other Marine-Based
Nutraceuticals ...........................................................................................................443

Wendy Pearson and Michael I. Lindinger

32
Chapter
Antioxidant, Anti-Infl ammatory, and Anticatabolic Potential of Rosmarinic
Acid and High-Rosmarinic Acid Mint (Mentha Spicata) in Osteoarthritis............. 451

Wendy Pearson and Michael I. Lindinger

33
Chapter
Potential Health Benefi ts of Orally Administered Hyaluronan in Alleviating
Knee Joint Pain ........................................................................................................463

Tomoyuki Kanemitsu and Akira Asari

34
Chapter
Pycnogenol—A Nutraceutical for Osteoarthritis ..................................................... 473

Om P. Gulati

V Orthopedic Approach
SECTION

35
Chapter
Total Knee Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis ..............................................................493

Shuichi Matsuda, Hiromasa Miura, and Yukihide Iwamoto

VI Nonpharmacologic Interventions
SECTION

36
Chapter
Physical Exercise for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Main Modality of Treatment
and Possible Use for Prevention ...............................................................................503

Hisashi Kurosawa

37
Chapter
Acupuncture for the Treatment of Arthritis ............................................................. 519

Hi-Joon Park and Hyangsook Lee

38
Chapter
Rehabilitative Strategies for Arthritis: Physical, Agents, Exercise,
and Prosthesis Therapies ..........................................................................................543

Nobuyuki Kawate, Mitsumasa Yoda, Naomi Yoshioka, and Masazumi Mizuma

39
Chapter
Rehabilitation for Arthritis: Daily Life Guidelines .................................................. 553

Fumihito Kasai and Masazumi Mizuma

Contents
xi

VII Commentary
SECTION

40
Chapter
Arthritis, Aging Society, Exercise, Nutrition, and Other Precautionary
Measures................................................................................................................... 559

Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Hiroyoshi Moriyama, and Debasis Bagchi

Index ..............................................................................................................................................563

xiii

Preface

Medical science is advancing at a galloping pace. There is explosion of knowledge and information
in all disciplines of medicine. In this book, we have covered cutting-edge information on arthritic
diseases and their treatment. Arthritis is a debilitating disease that causes pain, infl ammation, and
loss of movement of the joints. The term arthritis literally means joint infl ammation (arth = joint,
ritis = infl ammation). People of all ages, including children and young adults, can develop arthritis.
Infl ammation and infl ammatory responses are key factors for causing swelling, redness, pain, and
loss of movement in the affected areas. Arthritis is usually chronic and refers to more than 100 dif-
ferent kinds of arthritis that can affect the different parts of the body. It is important to know that
in addition to the joints, some forms of arthritis are associated with diseases of other tissues and
organs in the body. Also, arthritis has been shown to have direct correlations with obesity, diabetes,
and cardiovascular dysfunctions.
We designed this book Arthritis: Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Therapeutics with a focused
approach to cover the mechanistic aspects to understand the disease pathophysiology and treatment
opportunities. One of the major goals and objectives of this book is to help readers understand the
intricate aspects of arthritis and infl ammatory responses, its consequences, the economic burden,
and its huge impact on human society.
The book starts with a section on pathophysiology, which consists of seven chapters providing
insight of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. Because arthritis has a very
close relationship with other debilitating diseases including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular
dysfunctions as well as with disability, we have dedicated the second section to consequences for
providing a better perception of the importance of such diseases.
The third section focuses on antiarthritic drugs. This section starts with an overview and update
on antiarthritic drug development by Dr. Micheal G. Lyon from Stanford University School of
Medicine, which is followed by a chapter on nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs. The third chap-
ter highlights the diverse biologics involved in arthritic diseases. The fourth chapter discusses the
topical applications for pain and arthritic diseases. The last two chapters deliver an overview on
hyaluronic acid and hyaluronan in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
The fourth section delivers an array of natural therapeutic interventions in osteoarthritis and
rheumatoid arthritis. This section gives an overview of glucosamine and chondroitin salts, hyal-
uronic acid, methylsulfonylmethane, S-adenosyl-l-methionine, undenatured type II collagen,
curcumin, red pepper, capsaicin, Boswellia serrata, shark cartilage, omega-3 fatty acids, fi sh oil,
plant-derived oils, avocado, bromelain, red ginger, Tripterygium wilffordii, dehydroepiandroster-
one, green lipid mussel, abalone, rosmarinic acid mint, and pycnogenol.
The fi fth section discusses orthopedic approach. This small section discusses the effect of total
knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis.
The sixth section discusses nonpharmacological interventions. The fi rst chapter in this section
discusses the infl uence of physical exercise in arthritis. This section also has an outstanding dis-
cussion on acupuncture, which is now globally used, and nonpharmacological intervention by phys-
ical exercise and rehabilitative strategy.
Finally, the seventh section is a commentary discussing the correlation between arthritis and the
aging society and how exercise, nutrition, and preventative strategies can help the world and man-
kind in promoting human health.