Arthritis: Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Therapeutics

558 Pages·2011·7.1 MB·English

by  Debasis Bagchi

Arthritis
Arthritis
PATHO PH YSIOLOGY, PREVENTION,
AN D T HERAPEUTICS
E D I T E D B Y
Debasis Bagchi,
Hiroyoshi Moriyama, and
Siba P. Raychaudhuri
Boca Raton London New York
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To my best friend Sanjib Sengupta
—Debasis Bagchi
To my beloved mother, wife, daughter, and son
—Hiroyoshi Moriyama
To my beloved mother Bilwabasani Roychowdhury and
to my father Durga Pada Roychowdhury
—Siba P. Raychaudhuri
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................xiii
Editors ..............................................................................................................................................xv
Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xvii
SECTION I Overview and Pathophysiology
Chapter 1 An Overview on Rheumatologic Disorders .................................................................3
S. Kumar and Rajiva Gupta
Chapter 2 Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis ....................................................................................23
Allen P. Anandarajah
Chapter 3 Biomarkers in Osteoarthritis ......................................................................................39
Muneaki Ishijima, Hisashi Kurosawa, Haruka Kaneko, and Kazuo Kaneko
Chapter 4 Rheumatoid Arthritis: Disease Pathophysiology .......................................................55
Ankit Saxena, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, and Siba P. Raychaudhuri
Chapter 5 Osteoclasts and Interleukin-17-Producing Helper T Cells in Rheumatoid
Arthritis ......................................................................................................................75
Kazuo Okamoto and Hiroshi Takayanagi
Chapter 6 WNT/β-Catenin Signaling Modulating Osteoarthritis .............................................91
Maripat Corr
Chapter 7 Psoriatic Arthritis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Quality of Life .....................103
Arathi R. Setty
SECTION II Consequences
Chapter 8 Arthritis, Obesity, Increased Cardiovascular Risk, and Disability ..........................115
Shampa Chatterjee
vii
viii Contents
SECTION III Antiarthritic Drugs
Chapter 9 An Overview: Use of Traditional Antiarthritic Drugs and Update on Drug
Development .............................................................................................................125
Gabriela Schmajuk and Michael G. Lyon
Chapter 10 Nonsteroidal Anti-Infl ammatory Drugs ...................................................................139
Anand Lal and Seeta Sharma
Chapter 11 Biologics: Target-Specifi c Treatment of Systemic and Cutaneous
Autoimmune Diseases ..............................................................................................147
Siba P. Raychaudhuri and Smriti K. Raychaudhuri
Chapter 12 Topical Applications for Pain and Arthritic Diseases ..............................................165
Norifumi Tanida, Kotaro Maekawa, and Masaru Nakanishi
Chapter 13 Hyaluronic Acid and Arthritis: A Review ................................................................183
Michele Abate
Chapter 14 Hyaluronan for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis ............199
Toshiaki Nakano and Yasufumi Takahashi
SECTION IV Natural Therapeutic Interventions
Chapter 15 Immunomodulatory Activities of Japanese Traditional Medicines in
Rheumatoid Arthritis ...............................................................................................219
Toshiaki Kogure
Chapter 16 An Overview on Natural Therapeutic Interventions ................................................231
Stanley Naguwa
Chapter 17 Potential Health Benefi ts from Nutrition and Dietary Supplements in the
Prevention of Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis ...........................................237
Cathy Creger Rosenbaum
Chapter 18 Antiarthritic Potential of Glucosamine and Chondroitin: An Overview .................245
Michael W. Orth and Pooi-See Chan
Chapter 19 An Overview on N-Acetylglucosamine and Arthritis ..............................................255
Daiki Kubomura, Uzuka Naoaki, and Yoshiharu Matahira
Contents ix
Chapter 20 Hexosamine Flux and the Effi cacy and Safety of Glucosamine in the
Treatment of Osteoarthritis ......................................................................................261
Akhtar Afshan Ali, William Salminen, and Julian E. Leakey
Chapter 21 Safety and Effi cacy of a Unique Undenatured Type II Collagen in the
Treatment of Arthritis ..............................................................................................283
Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Ramesh C. Gupta, Hiroyoshi Moriyama, Manashi
Bagchi, Francis C. Lau, and Debasis Bagchi
Chapter 22 Targeting Infl ammatory Pathways by Nutraceuticals for Prevention and
Treatment of Arthritis ..............................................................................................295
Bokyung Sung, Gautam Sethi, Kwang Seok Ahn, Manoj K. Pandey, Ajaikumar
B. Kunnumakkara, and Bharat B. Aggarwal
Chapter 23 Boswellia serrata for Arthritis Relief: A Journey from Frankincense to Afl apin
and 5-Loxin ..............................................................................................................325
Alluri Venkata Krishnaraju, Krishanu Sengupta, Siba P. Raychaudhuri, and
Golakoti Trimurtulu
Chapter 24 Utilization of Marine Products in the Treatment and Prevention of
Osteoarthritis ............................................................................................................341
Tadakazu Tamai, Ayako Honmura, Hisashi Yoshioka, Tatsuya Konishi, Shisei
Kuninaga, Hiroshi Oda, Akinori Sakamoto, and Tsuyoshi Okada
Chapter 25 Benefi ts of Fish Oil for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review .......................................349
Christine Dawczynski and Gerhard Jahreis
Chapter 26 Potential Health Benefi ts of n-3 and -6 Fatty Acids in Selected Plant Seed Oils
in Rheumatoid Arthritis ...........................................................................................385
Hiroyuki Takeuchi, Hiroyoshi Moriyama, Debasis Bagchi, and
Siba P. Raychaudhuri
Chapter 27 Antiarthritic Potential of Bromelain from Ananas comosus and Its
Combination .............................................................................................................403
Dilip Ghosh
Chapter 28 Anti-Infl ammatory Properties of Zingiber offi cinale var. Rubra (Red Ginger
Extract) .....................................................................................................................409
Hiroshi Shimoda
Chapter 29 Benefi ts of Radix Tripterygium wilfordii for Rheumatoid Arthritis ........................419
Xiaojuan He, Shaohua Xu, Miao Jiang, Na Lin, and Aiping Lu
x Contents
Chapter 30 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): A Review of Its Preclinical Use in the
Management of Osteoarthritis..................................................................................433
Kai Huang, Hai-li-Cai, Chun Zhang, Xiao-wen Zhang, Li-dong Wu, Li-feng
Shen, and Qiao-feng Guo
Chapter 31 Antiarthritic Potential of Green-Lipped Mussel and Other Marine-Based
Nutraceuticals ...........................................................................................................443
Wendy Pearson and Michael I. Lindinger
Chapter 32 Antioxidant, Anti-Infl ammatory, and Anticatabolic Potential of Rosmarinic
Acid and High-Rosmarinic Acid Mint (Mentha Spicata) in Osteoarthritis.............451
Wendy Pearson and Michael I. Lindinger
Chapter 33 Potential Health Benefi ts of Orally Administered Hyaluronan in Alleviating
Knee Joint Pain ........................................................................................................463
Tomoyuki Kanemitsu and Akira Asari
Chapter 34 Pycnogenol—A Nutraceutical for Osteoarthritis .....................................................473
Om P. Gulati
SECTION V Orthopedic Approach
Chapter 35 Total Knee Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis ..............................................................493
Shuichi Matsuda, Hiromasa Miura, and Yukihide Iwamoto
SECTION VI Nonpharmacologic Interventions
Chapter 36 Physical Exercise for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Main Modality of Treatment
and Possible Use for Prevention ...............................................................................503
Hisashi Kurosawa
Chapter 37 Acupuncture for the Treatment of Arthritis .............................................................519
Hi-Joon Park and Hyangsook Lee
Chapter 38 Rehabilitative Strategies for Arthritis: Physical, Agents, Exercise,
and Prosthesis Therapies ..........................................................................................543
Nobuyuki Kawate, Mitsumasa Yoda, Naomi Yoshioka, and Masazumi Mizuma
Chapter 39 Rehabilitation for Arthritis: Daily Life Guidelines ..................................................553
Fumihito Kasai and Masazumi Mizuma
Contents xi
SECTION VII Commentary
Chapter 40 Arthritis, Aging Society, Exercise, Nutrition, and Other Precautionary
Measures...................................................................................................................559
Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Hiroyoshi Moriyama, and Debasis Bagchi
Index ..............................................................................................................................................563
Preface
Medical science is advancing at a galloping pace. There is explosion of knowledge and information
in all disciplines of medicine. In this book, we have covered cutting-edge information on arthritic
diseases and their treatment. Arthritis is a debilitating disease that causes pain, infl ammation, and
loss of movement of the joints. The term arthritis literally means joint infl ammation (arth = joint,
ritis = infl ammation). People of all ages, including children and young adults, can develop arthritis.
Infl ammation and infl ammatory responses are key factors for causing swelling, redness, pain, and
loss of movement in the affected areas. Arthritis is usually chronic and refers to more than 100 dif-
ferent kinds of arthritis that can affect the different parts of the body. It is important to know that
in addition to the joints, some forms of arthritis are associated with diseases of other tissues and
organs in the body. Also, arthritis has been shown to have direct correlations with obesity, diabetes,
and cardiovascular dysfunctions.
We designed this book Arthritis: Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Therapeutics with a focused
approach to cover the mechanistic aspects to understand the disease pathophysiology and treatment
opportunities. One of the major goals and objectives of this book is to help readers understand the
intricate aspects of arthritis and infl ammatory responses, its consequences, the economic burden,
and its huge impact on human society.
The book starts with a section on pathophysiology, which consists of seven chapters providing
insight of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. Because arthritis has a very
close relationship with other debilitating diseases including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular
dysfunctions as well as with disability, we have dedicated the second section to consequences for
providing a better perception of the importance of such diseases.
The third section focuses on antiarthritic drugs. This section starts with an overview and update
on antiarthritic drug development by Dr. Micheal G. Lyon from Stanford University School of
Medicine, which is followed by a chapter on nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs. The third chap-
ter highlights the diverse biologics involved in arthritic diseases. The fourth chapter discusses the
topical applications for pain and arthritic diseases. The last two chapters deliver an overview on
hyaluronic acid and hyaluronan in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
The fourth section delivers an array of natural therapeutic interventions in osteoarthritis and
rheumatoid arthritis. This section gives an overview of glucosamine and chondroitin salts, hyal-
uronic acid, methylsulfonylmethane, S-adenosyl-l-methionine, undenatured type II collagen,
curcumin, red pepper, capsaicin, Boswellia serrata, shark cartilage, omega-3 fatty acids, fi sh oil,
plant-derived oils, avocado, bromelain, red ginger, Tripterygium wilffordii, dehydroepiandroster-
one, green lipid mussel, abalone, rosmarinic acid mint, and pycnogenol.
The fi fth section discusses orthopedic approach. This small section discusses the effect of total
knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis.
The sixth section discusses nonpharmacological interventions. The fi rst chapter in this section
discusses the infl uence of physical exercise in arthritis. This section also has an outstanding dis-
cussion on acupuncture, which is now globally used, and nonpharmacological intervention by phys-
ical exercise and rehabilitative strategy.
Finally, the seventh section is a commentary discussing the correlation between arthritis and the
aging society and how exercise, nutrition, and preventative strategies can help the world and man-
kind in promoting human health.
xiii