ARTEMIS: Assessment and Reliability of Transport Emission Models and Inventory Systems

350 Pages·2009·8.27 MB·English

by  P G Boulter

Published Project Report
PPR350
ARTEMIS: Assessment and Reliability
of Transport Emission Models and
Inventory Systems – final report
P G Boulter and I S McCrae (Eds)
Assessment and reliability of transport
emission models and inventory
systems

Final Report

Workpackage 1300: Final Report and Dissemination

Assessment and reliability of transport emission models and inventory systems
Project funded by the European Commission within The 5th Framework
Research Programme
DG TREN Contract No. 1999-RD.10429
Deliverable No. 15

P G Boulter and I S McCrae (Eds)

Report Number: TRL Published Report PPR350
Name of organisation: TRL Limited.
Address: Crowthorne House, Nine Mile Ride, Wokingham,
Berkshire, RG40 3GA, United Kingdom.
Date: October 2007

1
When purchased in hard copy, this publication is printed on paper that is FSC (Forest
Stewardship Council) registered and TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) registered.
PUBLICATION DATA FORM
1UR (1st author) 2Project No 3Project Internal Report
No
PGBoulter 1999-RD.10429
Deliverable No. 15
4Title
ARTEMIS: Assessment and Reliability of Transport Emission Models and Inventory Systems – Final Report
5Subtitle 6Language
Final Report English
7Author(s) 8Affiliation
Edited by Paul Boulter and Ian McCrae (TRL Limited), with authors being listed TRL Limited
by Part.
9Sponsor, co-editor, name and address 10 Contract
Sponsor: European Commission, 200 rue de la Loi, B 1049 Brussels 1999-RD.10429
Project Officer: Charles Surmont / Jean-Paul Repussard
11 Release date
October 2007
12 Notes
The unpublished version of this report, was referenced UPR/IE/044/07. This version referred to as PPR350
replaces this earlier version.
13 Summary
This Report, presents the findings of the ARTEMIS research programme and describes the resulting
inventory model. It provides a summary of the research investigations undertaken within the ARTEMIS
programme, and includes links where appropriate, to interactions with COST Actions and national emission
measurement and modelling programmes. The ARTEMIS project commenced in 2000, and had two principal
objectives. The first of these was to gain, through a programme of basic research, a better understanding of
the causes of the differences in model predictions, and thus to address the uncertainties in emission modelling.
The project included a large emission measurement programme, designed to provide a significant extension to
the available databases. For road transport, measurements conducted in many laboratories around Europe
were used to examine the reasons for variability in the data, and to form the basis of a ‘best practice’ guide for
future measurements. The second principal objective was to develop a harmonised methodology for
estimating emissions from all transport modes at the national and international levels.
14 Key Words 15 Distribution statement
Air, aircraft, ARTEMIS, aviation, consumption,
driving pattern, emission, emission factor, emission
model, energy, evaporative, fuel, inland,
instantaneous, inventory, maritime, pollutant, rail,
regulated, road, shipping, traffic, transport,
unregulated, vehicle classification.
16 No of pages 17 Price 18 Declassification date 19 Bibliography
338 October 2007 Included with each section
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TRL Limited Institute for Internal Institut National de Recherche sur Aristotle University INFRAS AG Forschung,
Combustion Engines les Transports et leur Securité Thessaloniki, Laboratory Wirtschafts- und
and Thermodynamics, of Applied Umweltberatung
Technical University Thermodynamics
of Graz

PsiA Consult Netherlands Swiss Federal Laboratories for Technical University of Swedish Environmental
Umweltforschung und Organisation for Materials Testing and Research Denmark Research Institute Ltd.
Engineering GmbH Applied Research

European Commission Swedish National MariTerm AB Technical Research Vlaamse Instelling voor
Road and Transport Centre of Finland Technologisch Onderzoek
Research Institute

TUEV Nord RWTUEV Fahrzeug Kozlekedestudomanyi Intezet RT. Swiss Federal Institute of Université des sciences et
Strassenverkehr GmbH GmbH Institute for Transport Sciences Technology Technologies de Lille

Université de Savoie- Israel Institute of FH Joanneum Lund University Régie Autonome des Bergische Universitat -
Esigec Technology Gesellschaft mbH Transports Parisiens Gesamthochschule
Wuppertal

AVL List GmbH Motortestcentre AVL- Paul Scherrer Institute Universit du Littoral Côte TRAFICO Verkehrs-
MTC d’Opale planung

National Research PPW Czyste Powietrze Renault Forschungszentr Abgasprufstelle Aeronautical Research
Council of Italy Research um Karlsruhe Fachhochschule Biel Institute of Sweden
Innovation GmbH
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ARTEMIS Final Report TRL PPR350
CONTENTS

PART A: INTRODUCTION 1
A1 ARTEMIS in context 2
A2 International legislation, reporting obligations and activities 2
A2.1 Legislative context 2
A2.2 Reporting obligations 3
A2.3 Source sector nomenclature 4
A2.4 Air quality legislation 4
A2.5 International bodies and activities 5
A3 Existing emission factors and models for transport sources 8
A4 The ARTEMIS project 9
A4.1 Objectives 9
A4.2 Consortium 10
A4.3 Work programme 10
A5 References 13
PART B: ROAD TRANSPORT 14

B1 OVERVIEW 15
B2 ROAD TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS 17
B2.1 Background 17
B2.2 Review of existing information on road traffic characteristics 17
B2.2.1 User expectations in relation to traffic data 18
B2.2.2 Modelling practices 18
B2.2.3 Reliability of traffic data 18
B2.2.4 Conclusions and recommendations 19
B2.2.5 ARTEMIS objectives in relation to traffic data 20
B2.3 Traffic data requirements 20
B2.3.1 Basic definitions and requirements 20
B2.3.2 User-related and model-related aspects 21
B2.3.3 Detailed requirements 22
B2.4 A review of sensitivity analysis studies 22
B2.5 Development of the ARTEMIS traffic situation model 24
B2.5.1 Vehicle classification 25
B2.5.2 Definition of traffic situations 25
B2.5.3 Method for assessing traffic situation emissions 28
B2.6 Summary of traffic parameter studies 30
B2.6.1 Load factors and empty running rates 30
B2.6.2 Annual mileage 30
B2.6.3 Fuel characteristics 31
B2.6.4 Trip length 31
B2.6.5 Survival and scrappage rates 31
B2.6.6 Speed 32
B2.6.7 Traffic datasets in Central and Eastern European countries 32
B2.7 Conclusions 32
B2.8 References 33
B3 PASSENGER CARS 35
B3.1 Introduction 35
B3.1.1 Accuracy of emission measurements 35
B3.1.2 Improvement of emission factor database 36
B3.1.3 Development of new models 36
B3.1.4 ARTEMIS light vehicle emission measurement (LVEM) database 36
B3.2 Accuracy of emission measurements 36
B3.2.1 Overview of experimental work 36
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ARTEMIS Final Report TRL PPR350
B3.2.2 The common ARTEMIS driving cycle 38
B3.2.3 Driving behaviour parameters 39
B3.2.4 Vehicle-related parameters 44
B3.2.5 Vehicle sampling method 47
B3.2.6 Laboratory-related parameters 47
B3.2.7 Round-robin tests 51
B3.2.8 Summary and recommendations 52
B3.3 Improvement of the emission factor database 57
B3.3.1 Effects of gradient and vehicle load 57
B3.3.2 Unregulated pollutants 63
B3.3.3 Cold-start emissions 71
B3.3.4 Effects of auxiliary systems 72
B3.3.5 Light commercial vehicles 84
B3.4 Development of new models 84
B3.4.1 Instantaneous emission models 84
B3.4.2 Kinematic regression model 87
B3.4.3 Traffic situation model 89
B3.4.4 Average speed models 99
B3.5 ARTEMIS light vehicle emission measurement database 106
B3.5.1 Objectives 106
B3.5.2 Database structure 106
B3.5.3 Data submission 107
B3.5.4 Data harmonisation 107
B3.5.5 Content 107
B3.5.6 Public availability 107
B3.6 Summary and recommendations 108
B3.6.1 Accuracy of emission measurements 108
B3.6.2 Improvement of emission factor database 108
B3.6.3 Development of new models for hot exhaust emissions 108
B3.6.4 ARTEMIS light vehicle emission measurement databas9339e 108
B3.7 References 108
B4 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 115
B4.1 Introduction 115
B4.2 Data extraction and vehicle classification 115
B4.3 Emission calculations 115
B4.3.1 Emissions as a function of average speed 115
B4.3.2 Correction for vehicle load factor 116
B4.4 Summary and conclusions 120
B4.5 References 120
B5 HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES 121
B5.1 Background 121
B5.2 Model development 121
B5.2.1 Overview 121
B5.2.2 Engine test bed measurements 122
B5.2.3 Chassis dynamometer and on-board measurements 124
B5.2.4 Construction of PHEM 124
B5.3 Generation of emission factor database for traffic situation model 134
B5.4 Average speed emission functions 134
B5.4.1 Data extraction 134
B5.4.2 Curve fitting 134
B5.5 Other modelling considerations 135
B5.5.1 Effects of fuel quality on emissions 135
B5.5.2 Effects of engine deterioration and maintenance 136
B5.5.3 Emission factors for alternative engine concepts 136
B5.6 Model validation 138
B5.6.1 Chassis dynamometer tests 138
B5.6.2 On-board measurements 139
B5.6.3 Road tunnel measurements 140
B5.7 Results and discussion 141
B5.8 Conclusions and recommendations 144
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B5.8.1 Conclusions 144
B5.8.2 Recommendations 145
B5.9 References 145
B6 TWO-WHEEL VEHICLES 147
B6.1 Introduction 147
B6.1.1 Overview 147
B6.1.2 Objectives and summary of programme 147
B6.2 Round-robin test programme 147
B6.2.1 Background 147
B6.2.2 Method 148
B6.2.3 Results, conclusions and recommendations 148
B6.3 Definition of measurement programme 148
B6.3.1 Motorcycle categorisation 148
B6.3.2 Test cycle selection 149
B6.3.3 Pollutants 150
B6.3.4 Chassis dynamometer settings 151
B6.3.5 Other relevant issues for the measurement programme 151
B6.3.6 Other topics 152
B6.4 Results of measurement programme 152
B6.4.1 Hot emissions 152
B6.4.2 Cold-start emissions 154
B6.4.3 Effects of fuel properties 154
B6.4.4 Effects of inspection and maintenance 155
B6.5 ARTEMIS emission model 156
B6.5.1 Emission factor database 156
B6.5.2 Traffic situation model 157
B6.5.3 Urban, rural and motorway emission factors 159
B6.5.4 Average speed model 159
B6.5.5 Other topics 159
B6.6 Summary, conclusions and recommendations 163
B6.6.1 Summary and conclusions 163
B6.6.2 Recommendations 165
B6.7 References 166
B7 COLD-START EMISSIONS (PASSENGER CARS) 168
B7.1 Introduction 168
B7.2 The concept of cold-start excess emissions 168
B7.3 Methodology 169
B7.3.1 Database 169
B7.3.2 Cold-start excess emission and distance calculation 170
B7.4 Influence of various parameters 172
B7.4.1 Excess emission as a function of cycle speed and temperature 172
B7.4.2 Excess emission as a function of the travelled distance 172
B7.4.3 Excess emission as a function of parking duration 173
B7.5 The ARTEMIS models 173
B7.5.1 Model 1: excess emission per start 173
B7.5.2 Model 2: full model of excess emission from traffic 174
B7.5.3 Model 3: aggregated model of excess unit emission from traffic 175
B7.6 Conclusions 177
B7.7 References 177
B8 EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS 179
B8.1 Background 179
B8.1.1 Sources of evaporative emissions 179
B8.1.2 Control of evaporative emissions 179
B8.1.3 ARTEMIS objectives 180
B8.2 Measurement programme 181
B8.2.1 Method 181
B8.2.2 Results 183
B8.3 Comparisons between ARTEMIS measurements and previous models 183
B8.3.1 Diurnal losses 183
B8.3.2 Hot-soak emissions 184
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B8.4 ARTEMIS evaporative emissions model 184
B8.4.1 Real-time diurnal emissions 186
B8.4.2 Hot-soak emissions 188
B8.4.3 Running losses 189
B8.4.4 Failure of evaporative emission-control system 189
B8.5 Results and discussion 190
B8.6 Conclusions and recommendations 191
B8.7 References 192
B9 VALIDATION 194
B9.1 Background and objectives 194
B9.2 Experimental methodology 194
B9.2.1 Lundby tunnel 195
B9.2.2 Plabutsch tunnel 196
B9.2.3 Kingsway tunnel 197
B9.3 Experimental results 199
B9.3.1 Lundby tunnel 199
B9.3.2 Plabutsch tunnel 199
B9.3.3 Kingsway tunnel 200
B9.4 Calculation of emission factors 200
B9.4.1 Emission factors derived from tunnel measurements 200
B9.4.2 Comparisons with ARTEMIS emission factors and national models 202
B9.5 Summary 205
B9.6 References 205
PART C: RAIL TRANSPORT 207
C1 Background 208
C2 ARTEMIS objectives 208
C3 Model development and principles 209
C3.1 General approach 209
C3.2 Emission calculation method 210
C3.3 Auxiliary energy consumption 215
C3.4 Classification of vehicles and operation al modes 215
C3.5 Traffic data 216
C4 Model validation 216
C5 Summary and conclusions 219
C6 References 219
PART D: INLAND SHIPPING 221
D1 Background 222
D2 ARTEMIS model overview 222
D3 Classification of inland vessels 223
D3.1 Vessel type and size 223
D3.2 Engine type and age 225
D4 Model description 225
D4.1 Input data 225
D4.2 Resistance modelling 226
D4.3 Engine characteristics 226
D4.4 Propulsive efficiency 227
D4.4 Pollutant emissions 228
D5 Model validation 229
D5.1 Validation data 229
D5.2 Classes I to V: self-propelled vessels 229
D5.3 Classes VI to IX: pushed convoys 231
D5.4 Classes VI to IX: pushed convoys, alternative method 232
D6 Energy consumption of typical vessels 234
D7 Future trends 240
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D7.1 Fuel sulphur content 240
D7.2 Emission legislation 240
D8 Summary and conclusions 241
D9 References 243
PART E: MARITIME SHIPPING 244
E1 Background 245
E2 Previous studies and models 245
E2.1 MariTerm studies 245
E2.2 MEET model 246
E2.3 TRENDS model 246
E2.4 SMED study 246
E2.5 ENTEC study 246
E3 Limitations of previous models 247
E3.1 Activity data and commodity flows 247
E3.2 Vessel speed 247
E3.3 Harbour operations 247
E4 ARTEMIS objectives 247
E5 ARTEMIS model development 248
E5.1 Overview 248
E5.2 The ARTEMIS database 248
E5.3 Main engine emission factors 250
E5.4 Auxiliary engines 251
E5.5 Emission control equipment 251
E6 ARTEMIS modelling approach 251
E6.1 Simple method 251
E6.2 Detailed method 252
E6.3 Emissions from auxiliary engines 261
E6.4 Emission-control equipment 262
E7 Example calculation 263
E8 Uncertainties 264
E9 Conclusions and recommendations 265
E10 References 266
PART F: AIR TRANSPORT 266
F1 Introduction 267
F2 Allocation of emissions 268
F2.1 Background 268
F2.2 The Kyoto Protocol 268
F2.3 Emission charges at airports 268
F2.4 Conclusions 269
F3 Measurement programme 271
F3.1 Overview 271
F3.2 Emissions from main engines and APUs during ground operations 271
F3.3 Effects of engine and ageing and maintenance 274
F3.4 Measurements of former Soviet aircraft 276
F4 Results of measurement campaigns 277
F4.1 Main engines during ground operations 277
F4.2 Auxiliary power units during ground operations 282
F4.3 VOC measurements 282
F4.4 Former Soviet aircraft 282
F4.5 In-flight emissions 282
F4.6 Ageing of engines 285
F5 ARTEMIS modelling approach 285
F5.1 Turboprop aircraft 285
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