Arte romana

211 Pages·2008·47.906 MB·Italian

by  Paul Zanker

ccgOnicu lturoag neiep oca
sviluppparnoop rfioer mees pressive
conc usit abiliesa clolsnoto e sso
tempaos sicuirp arnoop rriicv ia,l ori
ef ormdeiv irsao ciaAlnec.h e
lei mmagianpip arrengono
aq uesftoer mdeic oncreta
ec reataiffvear mazione
Al
dis é. pari
delli nguaggio,
essCeO S[I(UISCOnO
pnmanamenre PauZaln ker
unos trumento di hai nsegnSarroor ia
comunicazsioocniea le�>: dell'aamritceea
PauZla nkerri lelgeg e Archeolcolgaisas ica
grantdeis timondiealnlz'ea rte allSac uoNloar maSluep eriore
romanpau,b bliecp hrei vaers ev,e la diP iseap reslseUo n iverdsii tà
iln esscoh el egiam magifnoir,m eG oningeeM no nacdoi B avieHraa .
ec reaziaornrei sarlilscata r uttudirrae It'tIos rAirrcuhreoo loGgeircmoa nico
sociaallel,' ordinpaomleinttiodc ioR ,o maI.s uosit urdiig uardano
aiv aloera il lmae nraldierlàl la' archeeol laco uglitaun repale riodo
piùg ranpdoet endzeal l'aemtiàc ae.l lenisticoet- arrodmaoan ntoiT croa.
lep ubblicazpiioùsn iig nificrautniev e,
tradoinnve a rie lAiunggusutoee i ,pl o tere
tkllei mmagin(iTo ri1n9o8 9P)om,p ei.
Socieitmàm,a ginuirb aneefo rme
tkll'abit(aTroer i1n9o9 3La )m,as chera
diS ocraLt'iem.m agidneell 'intellettuale
nell'aratnet i(cTao ri1n9o9 e7 V)i vecreo n
im itli'i:c onogdresaiafi rac ofogi romani
2008).
(coBn. CE.w alTdo,r ino
Peirn ostrriipè ia urodreesl a ggio
Ilm onMtk lk immagielan i
comunicaziinRo onmeaa nti(caca u ra
2011 6).
diA .G iardina,
PaulZ arù(er
Arte
romana
Ediziiotnael iana
ac urdaiD eniLsaeM onica
•
Editori Laterm
Artreo mana:
quarantd'oapnoBn iia ncBhain dinelli
Quesltiobv ruoo elses uenrn'eti roduazlilo'rnaoerm tamen aa ,
noinn teonfrdfieur neva i sione onneid ciodmaptortreigncasa­i,v a
nizzpaegtrea n oe roiirn d ine crL'ooniboeltoctghicievsic op io r .o ­
ponrea ppresesnttetase,sm opaq olu,la ol copsieaùq udail cosa di
menIopl.or geitntioz pielar'l eed itzeidoe'rn'sie'cc ahiuendfaero v­a
maa giecl oen ceiq suae,cs aitv oe svtai moadl eacstroi vimelor ned o
fgiutriarvoom ano c'iossmteea mlubalna'a ds eecl o mpldeeslislmoe­
magianpip artaeisn ienngatomilb idi etlivl iatD aa'.l tpraars toen,o
pasqsuaatqsiui a randta'lpalunabn bil icdae'llzoiposenureala rl rt'oe­
mana diB aBnidaincnchehheliae l sie,r cuinnt'failtuome onlzvtaao ­
st.a sIuv ooil urmaip preslue'lnttsiaimnnoot teetniitcvdaooift ro ni­
reu nvai sido'nnsiei eme, icnbo assatelr lu'ietdsaisi ugpeaenrdrzeaa
unl alt'oca hreolfoioglgioialdc aaal,ll tl'rn'oaa lsitsiil Ai qsuteisctai.
duoer ientBaimaenBncatdhniii n aefilfalnic uanav pap rosctcoiroi co­
socicahlferoe n,i usnsp eia ùm ptieos siunttoe rpraelotlpaeet riev o
dellr'oamratTneaa lt.ee ntsafitnoi dvaopv ears òu ll'apsisuutnttoo­
staor bitraprrieos neden'elzallarrl toame a dnida u tee ndfeginuzrea ­
tivceo,r rispaod nudee nssttoirc aiataril't iuefci:f i aglree'c iez zante
ar'tpel edbioe rai'gm iendei o-italica.
Daa llora, pargoslptiri imdooe rlgiirdv aaazgnilteii ilmap­ortanti
\'doirB ii anBcahnid isnsieo lnloi ,im notlieitfncosa ltere i ceirnc he
quessettot poirùqe u,da inn tosoni sat afttatono e lgleen erparzei­oni
cedeEng tria.azq iuee psitrùee centi srtsiavcl ieurpcphauenn daso i
nuoivdaed ae llr'oamratende ae lslufeenu zinoenlivl iaqt uao tidia­
naI.r icerhcaantanodore i·s dasi os posniuzmieorcnoaest ia leo ghi
monoagfcrioedn o cumentianpz aireotcnece e lelp eonstsceoo,nn o­
fronctoaunrn snaio teqvuoalnedt oiip teàfri eanp oo ctoe mfpaso c o­
nosceic uitèòpe o;s sniobni lseo laom bpaiertrti i cgsoltniis ciid erati
* Die romischCe. HBK.eu cnksMt,ii, n che2n0 07.
VI Arrtoem ana
dim aggiiomrpeo rtcaonmlzeapa o r,d uziuofinfceio a mliae n autfti
dip regmiaao n,c pheelra ' mbifntueor a(irrliioae lvteiau ,nrr ei,c ) ui
unt empod eedriamc iantoaar tet enIznioolnsteeir. npe a,s slaot o
sguaerrdao eqsuacsliu sirviavmoeRlnottmoeoa g,ag d ie dichiamo
pairnit eresasletl eeas ntcihmeao rncihaenozdleoe glpilrceoh vei nce
dell'impero raoinm uamneor.o seRic i asstptaeulstdoutvigioa h rii
geenrdai monumepnetraiòn, c osroanl orep i occehcrehc tehe en ti­
nod ir iordliein mamraegs iencioc nadtoe gcoorniceec thtseue arl­i
vanaoc omprenmdeegrlclioeomt ee stimosntioarPniazcreht ei.c o­
laartet eniznti aoslne en,s o, pmierùre icteannttoeeg,,mls eitn uddii
ToniHoo lserc.h
Al cendterlol 'idniqt ueerlseitsbossrt ieor ovcaonmoge,i à era av­
venupteBori anBcahnid ilnece olnlcicr,oe ntdei sztioornciihc eh e
hancnoon daoltfltroaom azidoenlielm em ageai llnoiur sono e sii n­
gocloin tseosctCiioa unln ida.i e frfefnozdnaa menptearllòcae:o , n ce­
ziodnifeno ddoi quesntooènp itvùei sntco-o cloamteaB iiann chi
Badnin-ealu lnsiat rubtitpuordlaea' lrraltere o maAnn ao.s tro pare­
rer ispuolcteofai f cace uln'saie dpeaar atdzruiian o cano em ponente
itarliitceain,cnu e trqatu oma old ion diegu encn aan,of ronmea plree ­
levdaatmloo ndgor eecp ooai d atatq auterolol moa Cniovò.a i lpnea r­
ticoplelari'r peo tuenscaio ndtii enc uoietrdàeen lztlara a didzeilo­ne
lcao mponietnatlei cos-orpormaantnetagus,ltt itrm oae tddiie lploa­
polazeid oesnlue ro,i emeirneg tetàra er do-Caonnttircaar.ai amente
queismtpao stlasezt irounftenot,dau mreen dteallli' artreo ­imperiale
mansaa radnensoc qruicito tmeue nl ingufagigugriauotn iivtoa rio:
l'ioebtètd irive on deevried eec notmep reni'slsi ibsiotll e'eams at'r ut­
turaca u'i porseisrfoilnrseosi in giomlmea ginciu.l tOiugnrfniaai,,t t
eo gneip oscvail upppraonpofrro imeee s precsosni svcteua,ib ilisco­
noe,a lsltoe tsesmoap sos iciup rorapnroiv, a rlieoft rroiim, de iv ita
sociaanlclehie:em magaipnpia rtaeq nugeofsnrotome de ic o ncer eta
creaatfeifrvmaa zdiio nseé .d elAlli npgaureaisg csgoeis ot,i tuiscono
primariuanmsoet nrtuemd eicn otmou nicsaozciioanlee .
Quessttor umsesinv tiol iunbp apsaael f lroez meo trdiiuc nisa o ­
cieatviàa ,le oa rlcili er cofsnotdaanmzeeen c taarlait tedrioig sntii che
comunLiest iàn.gi omlmea gegi lnsiit ereioctorinapofigpi ocsis ono
quindir eierfsaisdtaei mr peci aet ecgoonricee tcthcueoa nlsie,n tono
dio sesrvlaperr eo prsipeefctichàie u ndcaiu ltduarlal,' ordinamento
poliatviia clodo arlisl,pe e raaminu ztea mdeimn etnit àaM.la iu tna
ricedriqc uae sttiopr oe laatliilvmeam agèis noil o aegp loi­ inizi
tremgmiroài tesnoeddricsifs aeilt let titt roorveia nstseer eed sis­anti
vertledeno tmia neld seeo lupzrioopnois tepe.qr uA enmscothtoei ­
vop,e mre ttdeirree ttiallme etntitoncer o en tcaotnt toel set imo-
Arrtoenm aaq:ua anrt'daoonp nBii Baanincndheil li VII
niaanrzceh eolsoidg eiècc dihiise neo,sr iurnqeau anstiigtnài ficativa
dii mmagedi idn oit adridl iedc aasldiees creii tnttievrep rVoe­tative.
gliacmosost ìi molclaau rreid oesllie ttàti onrveia,to asersrlvona erle
dettlaegs liinog oilgeu rraaezf,aif lco onnit ecmeproc,a red ia nche
trasfoirn'm aaurtloono osemsrov'a dteolrileme m agpirneis entate,
suggereunnsdato rgpalediara vi vcinalala'rrsrtioe m ana.
Posqtuee sptree messiasf ef,a scucbiuiant doao manfdnoad a­
mentcaolmee:d osvir edbebfien lia'rretr eo maen,sa o prattutto,
quansddioo vrefbabrcelo am incFioarcrsoeen? d elceo riantz eiro­ni
racodtettiea m aprlcia Oipcpius?ra er embebgelc iool llooecp aerree
realiaRz ozmaeapt eeRr o mdaa,Vl I IaVsl e cao.ltCor. qa,u eeltlreu ­
schoep ,i ùe csiicpfamereinrftiear u lnega e nearraitlteea cloilnce a
sudei vecrorsreenr teiigo nSaeli,ian? c cocrodlnoma a ggpiaorrt e dei
pirùe cesnttudidis i t odreilal r'oamratsnedia e ,c iddeifs asrieln ai ­
ziarlepe r cioimnme m aginii pnRr oomedap o etRrot meia ne taàr ­
caiscfinai i,r ecbobnesv,ao plemeomn etneco o,ln a' deraiclro en cet­
tod i sdteolrli''ana arzteie'co ,on maèela vvenuatboi tuadlamgelnit e
inidezXXli secolo.
Inq ueple rigoladiro c henoelloslgcadii e,ag sltio drei'lcalirs tie ,
sonion tersruolsglepaect iif piecchuel eis aorliutzfàroi moancliai ­,
ratterdiius n'tatierrc ohmea pnrai,n cipaallslmcoeo ndptidoe i stin­
guedralalerl gt'ree mcaas t;ir adtiut nam' piostaczhisetoi rn oeav na­
chael blaads eel cloan cedzuiin oa'nrbeti ep oSlciae rrec.a lvpear noo­
priiecntoàn folniidc,lio bnitr'ioibrguitnooa ' rroiiog'i dneail eR'o ­
manail l"daepriot pe'o S.les i sic eglqiueessssttera ca sidd iao ,v reb­
bec oncenntercaerses asriuaa mmbedinetttiee rmcionmlaeert aip ­
presenptoalziitioilnc ihr eil,tpa ri atttptuaorr,aie e i,tnu a nlcaeo rni­
cep iaùm painac,lh a'er chitneatttuurraail,nmq euanntsteeo,ti tno ri
cusio nsot artiec onodsacs ieumtplerer e e alizpzeaczuiloinair i
de'ltaledr ell'irmopmearon o.
Mac ossciìo rreirrlei bsbcdehim i aor ginaglriapznaz rdaterele l e
opefrgieu radtiei tvràeo mapnoai,cq huées sotneco o stpirtoupirtieo
dar epleil cihebre ei relabdoior paezdri'eoa nrit e gsrepe rcoa­, come
venisdsaue ncr aon ofrnomea le cdoame ploesmdteitonu ttlitce e o r­
renti sdtlleila'irsgttreie Eccdha e.cè a rattcehraeiq sutei'srctatoae
decio p'ia,sc taiudseals luapa r esaupnpttaaer neanllaz'ragt ree ca,
quatsuitl tseet i odere ll'artues (roao nmBcaihnaean B caihnnid inel­
lin)oc no ncesdpaanozo,si e lo of na noc,ia òve vngsao ilnmo a niera
molmtaor ginale.
JohannJWoiancchkieml( m11a77n-n81 )l7a,'6u tdoiur nefa ro tu­
natisStsroiidmae al l'naerltle'h aintatàvi,ce va irplir soobllitenom a
modaon codriav eCrosnos.i dle'traedar ive atr ào mainnas,i ae me
VIII Arrtoem ana
queellellnai sctoimuceanu ,'n itfaartsiaear d delal' agrrteeMc aan,.e l
suaop prorcicmiaon,ea mviaa rngoli 'tnaueirf i fciias lacero,fe a rgiii ­
traptetcrii ,ts aoralelo c eusneim Fpiina.ol f lniaed eXlI Xs elcoeoo l­
trleef,ro mied edaellli' garretrceia m aaslec ernotd er'loil nteresse,
mentlrece o pdiiee t rào maac,nh ceo mtea flruio npood iiv olitna
volrtiac onovsecninuaelt rueon, g o etc roantstiadteer ate solo come
testimodengiolarini zlggaiir neaacnid paetrid Suitt riav.ta qt uaindi
diu nsao rpavuvtaalzdieloal'nreat net iinqc uaa nttaeold eel l'iddie a
uns usovu ilppqou,aa suit onompor,i mdaoarricdfi aini aocu in a sua
decadneen'llzeellan iseam noc ionre atr ào mana.
Entrambe quesntoceno rcroinscpepozinaiùdino oonsniato tr ­i
tuailnit eera elnslosesi dt ormea ncdhieen, v reicgeu aprrdiadmniao ,
tutltfeo u,n zdieolinlmiem agei lniloi er foeft nteol slien gsoolcei età.
Nonc hsei adniov endtetalut teot bos ollere itcee rreclhaeat lliev e
spceiifcchoes tfaronmtaeila illp er opreisettedàte ilcolhpeee A rne­.
zia,cl o ntrmaaar cli oon;t ecmiipn ot erseospsraanitoclt o unttteos to
storei mcieo sg sgdaie lilmem agaic nuliief, ro mcee rcadvica onro­
rispoenc dheier,nue l tainmaa ldiiseidf,ero rmoaa i r istpisevttii li:
non lpa'ircùto em dei mensaiuotnaerq cuhaincptaio,u ttcoosmteo
mediudme lcloam unicsaozclieiCo.aon unen a pprodciqc uieots it­o
po,i mlmea gviennig onoc oimenelt eemseein nttoe dgirua nctauo l ­
tudreaf iinnsi etnaas not rloocpgooi.
Artreo mana
I. Un'arntueo va
ches is viludpapf ao rmger eche
Sen,e lplrao spfeitqntu idive al insepiaa trdata,enll t'eirirvoog at
_p
surlu oelloilmem agnienllviaiq tuao tiddeimlao nnada on tèio cvo­,
vifosi sarìnriez diiuo na 'rrtoem aanmlao menitnco ue is csoam inciò
as vilulpsep uacera er attesrpiieifsccthTieac.lmh eoe m enctooi ncide
colnfa a isnce u lioS taetl osa o ciceatmàb iianrn eol azailfolrona­e
mazidoenileml ep'riurmo manou,pm ipùr ecisaalmlee'nritvneet,n to
degelsie rdciRi otmina e ll'mIetraildiieaon neallli'eeO nrgtree cm
L'elleniiznzafatcztoiilno,ca n o en,q udieslctliaeetd teàlm loen archie
grecmhodei,f riacdòi callsemt ernutpteot luiretes i occhiiema oldii,
div iitv aa,l eol r'iid dise éda e lsloac ireotmàae n ads euiao lil eati ita­
liNceicl.o rdsiqo u epsrtooc ceasmsboi aarnocpnhroeo fondamente
lfau nzeii oclna er adtetleilrmeem agdiicn uiiRi o masnciii rconda­
vanIon. m toadlloa ' rgtree dciav einnltu òc ldeiuo n nuloivnog uag-
'
gifoi rgautivo.
Facciqaumioin ndiiz li'aa nroesa trrrtaoe'm acnoaln ' epdoeclal e
gravnidtit oRroimesa uS d iir a(c12u1as. a.C )Tar,a n(t2o0a 9. Ce. )
Persreedo iM, a ced(o1n8ai6 .a) Cf,n.i oa lcloan quedi issttar uzione
diC artagei Cndoeir i(n41t6aoC . .I)nq. u eple rilomada gog ipoarr ­
ted eRio mavniipd ee rp rliavm oall toeap edr'eta gerr epcoar,ti ant e
graqnudain nteigtslàpi ec totlaarit rcioorntfeailp ir.i imQnou­ esto
conntorenor pae railnnt ersosm uond o coalgllo edgiamtaeorn ttio­
stilcoeop :ed r'reat ger eicnafi,va, et ntivanion seisaeilmablerie mt ie
conqueia spitr aitgei doign uieerirrnmia e ,z zsoo laidinma atric Siia .
vedevparneozs itoasetec u oes taorsgee natmemraisess uacita ere r i
sulploer taSnint airncreha.Ee m ilPiaoon leocl,o rttreioo ndfua­le,
rattroge i noicr,o cnu cie leblrsaau vvaia t tsouPr eirasu elot,ri em o
diM acedoensiiaba,ilp s ospeoi lnao m miraiznai gognieau,lrn it­a
manebnottet nionmnoe ,n od udeic entoccianrqruia dcnsiatt raai ­chi
tueed io pedra'er (tPe.l A,ue m3.,24 ,) .
Spiu bòe inm magicnhdaeur rea lnrati em ozeri aocncedo enliut -a
4 Arrtoem ana
meropseizd zebilo ttnionsno i ustaustlsteaee tr toe nezg ilaoicn ­i
corgidmiue nnm toid eargneodn a'tretL eos. t oricPoo lgiarbfei­coo
fremdai a vevri sctooinp roopcrciihs io ldroaamtnidi o,p loac on­
quidsiCt oar innetlo1a 4.6Cu s.a,cr oemt ea vpoelgroi ocada ardei
prezdiiopsgiirn etdciei s taiden sastteirr aers tpaaoR toim (aP lo3.9,,
2)E.i ll o greon eMruamlmei,sa si,a reabcbceod revtlao l doir efu an­
mosqou adrraoff iguDriaonnrtiiest oi,r daan'ldalosdletolas l peo glie
dig uersroalq,ou androed iPi elr goa,Am ttaIlIo, coneo scitore
amandte'elta lerg reacnat oifcfapr,eìe r s soc ounnsaei vdoselorem ­
ma( Pl.Ni,an tH.is t3.5,2, 4)I .n duabmbeinqtuee nsottesi ozinfeoo n­
date suclo mluuanopegp,oo snittaeal miemednatGiar teodc eil,l a
ignordaeRnioz maa innfi a tdtio cuNlotnudriame.es ncsooe,n serva­
noil lo vraol doiir set andtiua nnsoet er aorpdrioncaderiasi csoco u l­
turazAinocnhpeeo. s cthoMe u mmifaso sset actoom pletamente
ignoriancn atmepa or tiasq tuiecllo',e pocaa R co'mteaur tat ap erò
unsae rdiiee s pondeenlgtlriea fnadmii agrliiset occhrfeaa tciecvhae­
noo gnsif oprezarop propdreilcalurals tdiue rlcalo ere dt eil cliet tà
ellecnhipese,gtr oi deqrunaecs oim' en uovi' Greci.
Nonc hfei anod allRalo omrdaae r iee d elrleap ubfbsolsrieic ­a
masptrao pfruiodora iml o ndCoo.m ea litnr ed eclilt'ctIeàtn a­lia
traalnec,ah eR aog,mi nàe 'lelpaorccaa sieicr saav, i luupnpcaau tla­
turfgaiu ratiinvflau,e nzdaatp ar infcidinap lilog' raerectt aer a­
smesisnai ziaslompernatdteat guElttitr ou sicns heig,ud iaGtiro e ci
de'lIltmaelriiad iedo enlaSlliaec Iinloilast.or nseot raitninv uetsio,­
parttuftrltaeo o f rfteveo tdievsiea nteuf aidrnai l l'peipaùon c tai ­
caa,n cohgeg edtitrie ttiammpeonrtteaG trie cNdieaacll.o l map les­
so, phealr 'òpi,rm essisc ihnoeen IleVs eclos'lieog edniiz mam agi­
nid elclhai eus staa sboiclireeo tmàaa nrac aciocmdaee, la lletc riet tà
centro-fisotsaaenl ciorcrehale a,t ivameens tliei mmiostdoae­ssstea
prattauldtletaco o radzetiieo mnpeal loilf,erf teveo teif vnuee rarie
e,ap atridraetl a rIdVos ecoallsolt,ea otnuoer daerdiieac f aat­e
mospio lirtoimcaDini si i.m sitlaift caueev asnioc urapmaerintlte e
ritrdai«t Btrou( tfoli»)eg a .l caulnttere esi tnbe r on'ziot arliinc­he'
venufotureRi o m(afi 2g).I .cl o sid«dBertutstoeo g»pu eelr,os tile
ep eirtl r attadmeelbnlataroe bd aec ia peulnloi ,s chema ritrattisti­
cog rercios aal3le 00na t.ecC i.r mcaas d,ii stidnaglluee g orpee­re
chceo ntemppoerlraef nro emepe i'ùd eu'erp eirml o dellpaitùo
spigoGlroaszaoti .ael l ien gufarogmgaiclohe de,e vlesa u paa rtico­
laersep srievspirtoàpa rlislouar a i giditaài rmiosdpeeltltio, questa
teshtaa s deam pprored otstuol lr'voastmsooerdee lrn'oie mspsrione
diu n« auteannttiricocomo a naon»c,sh eue nsai meislper essione
psicoloegrisazi zcaunrtaeems etnratal'enrla etaii sttaalA inccoih.ne