ANTONY EASTMON D ART AND IDENTITY ASHGATE IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY BYZANTIUM HAGIA SOPHIA AND THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND BIRMINGHAM BYZANTINE U TTOMAN MONOGRAP'HS_terial Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs About the series Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs is devoted to the history, culture and archaeology of the Byzantine and Ottoman worlds of the East Mediterranean region from the fifth to the twentieth century. It provides a forum for the publication of research completed by scholars from the Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies at the University of Birmingham, and those with similar research interests. About the book The church of Hagia Sophia in Trebizond, built by the emperor Manuel I Grand Komnenos (1238-63) in the aftermath of the Fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade, is the finest surviving Byzantine imperial monument of its period. Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium, with extensive illustrations in colour and black-and-white, provides a new analysis of the architecture, sculptural decoration and extensive wall paintings in the church. Antony Eastmond situates the church in the context of political and cultural developments across the Byzantine world in this turbulent period, and examines questions of cultural interchange on the borders of the Christian and Muslim worlds of eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus and Persia. He argues that a new visualisation of Byzantine imperial ideology emerged in Trebizond, determined as much by craftsmen and expectations of imperial power as by imperial decree; and that this was a credible alternative Byzantine identity to that developed in the empire of Nicaea. About the author Antony Eastmond is Reader in the History of Byzantine Art at the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London, UK I dedicate to this book to Marion with love (and to the baggage handlers at Trabzon Airport, without whom ...) ART AND IDENTITY IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY BYZANTIUM Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs Volume 10 General Editors Anthony Bryer John Haldon Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modem Greek Studies University of Birmingham Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond Antony Eastmond AS HGATE VARIORUM © Antony Eastmond 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Antony Eastmond has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Gower House Suite 420 Croft Road 101 Cherry Street Aldershot Burlington, VT 05401-4405 Hants GUll 3HR USA England Ashgate website: http://www.ashghate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Eastmond, Antony, 1966- Art and identity in thirteenth-century Byzantium : Hagia Sophia and the empire of Trebizond. - (Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman monographs) 1. Hagia Sophia (Church : Trabzon, Turkey) 2. Art and state - Byzantine Empire 3. Art, Byzantine - Turkey 4. Church architecture - Turkey - Trabzon 5. Architecture, Byzantine - Turkey 6. Identity (Psychology) in art 7. Trabzon (Turkey) - History 8. Byzantine Empire - History - 1081-1453 9. Byzantine Empire - Civilization - 1081-1453 1. Title 949.5'04 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eastmond, Antony, 1966- Art and identity in thirteenth-century Byzantium : Hagia Sophia and the empire of Trebizond / Antony Eastmond. p. c. - (Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman monographs ; 10) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Ayasofya Miizesi (Museum Trabzon, Turkey) 2. Architecture, Byzantine-Turkey-Trabzon. 3. Christian art and symbolism-Turkey-Trabzon- Medieval, 500-1500. 4. Art and state-Turkey-Trabzon. 5. Trebizond Empire- History. I. Title. II. Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman monographs. ; V. 10. NA5871.T7E37 2003 726.5'09565-dc22 2003063539 ISBN 0-7546-3575-9 (alk. paper) This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, King's Lynn, Norfolk Contents List of Abbreviations ix List of Illustrations xi Acknowledgements xvii Preface xix Introduction: The Byzantine empires in the thirteenth century 1 1. Hagia Sophia and its contexts 13 2. Hagia Sophia: architecture and the construction of identity 27 3. Trebizond as imperial capital: ceremonial and processions 47 4. Adam, exile and 'Byzantine' sculpture 61 5. Ornamental sculpture and cultural orientation: Hagia Sophia, the Seljuqs and the Caucasus 77 6. Wall paintings and politics: rebuilding empire? 97 7. Hagia Sophia: art, the liturgy and modernity 117 8. Manuel I Grand Komnenos: the embodiment of empire 139 Conclusion 153 Appendix of rulers 157 Notes 159 Select Bibliography 185 Index 201 List of Abbreviations Akropolites Georgii Acropolitae Opera, ed. A. Heisenberg, corrections by P. Wirth (Stuttgart, 1978); trans. W. Blum, Georgios Akropolites, Die Chronik, Bibliothek der griechischen Literatur: 28 (Stuttgart, 1989) AnatStud Anatolian Studies AP Arkheion Pontou ArtB Art Bulletin BBTT Belfast Byzantine Texts and Translations BK Bedi Kartlisa BMGS Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies Bryer, Winfield, A.A.M. Bryer, D. Winfield, The Byzantine Monuments and Pontos Topography of the Pontos, Dumbarton Oaks Studies: 20 (Washington DC, 1985) BSCA Byzantine Studies Conference. Abstracts BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Byz Byzantion ByzBulg Byzantinobulgarica ByzF Byzantinische Forschungen ByzSlav Byzantinoslavica BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift CahArch Cahiers Archeologiques CFHB Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae Choniates Niketas Choniates, Historia, ed. J.L. van Dieten, CFHB: 11 (Berlin, 1975); trans. H. Magoulias, 0 City of Byzantium, the Annals of Niketas Choniates (Detroit, 1984) Chrysanthos Metropolitan Chrysanthos of Trebizond, 'He Ekklesia tes Trapezountos', AP 4-5 (1935), 1-904 CSHB Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae DDAA Documenti di Architettura Armena (Milan, 1970-) DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers E12 Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1973-) Fallmerayer, OF J.P. Fallmerayer, Original-Fragmente, Chroniken, Inschriften and anderes Materiale zur Geschichte des Kaiserthums Trapezunt, Abhandlungen der historischen Classe der
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