Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food

466 Pages·2020·8.027 MB·English

by  Sudhakar Srivastava

Sudhakar Srivastava E ditor
Arsenic in
Drinking
Water and
Food
Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food
Sudhakar Srivastava
Editor
Arsenic in Drinking Water
and Food
Editor
Sudhakar Srivastava
Plant Stress Biology Laboratory
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development
Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
ISBN 978-981-13-8586-5 ISBN 978-981-13-8587-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8587-2
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Preface
The contamination of metalloid arsenic (As) is of global concern. It has been well
recognized that intake of arsenic by humans leads to carcinogenesis. In nature, arse-
nic is present in various inorganic and organic forms. Trivalent arsenite (AsIII) and
pentavalent arsenate (AsV) are the two major inorganic arsenic species. Out of
these, AsIII is more toxic than AsV. Under oxidized conditions, AsV has a high
affinity for iron oxyhydroxides and manganese oxides, which makes it relatively
immobile in soil. The AsIII has a lower affinity for these solid phases, making it
more mobile. The major route of As contamination for humans is either through
drinking water or via food, mainly rice, contaminated with arsenic. Arsenic con-
tamination issue is most severe in Southeast Asian countries, including Bangladesh,
India, China, Vietnam, the Philippines, etc., and the major factor recognized in these
countries is natural biogeochemical processes. In other regions of the world, arsenic
contamination is mainly attributable to historical uses as pesticides, herbicides, and
other industrial applications. More than 100 million people living in 23 countries
are exposed to arsenic toxicity. Furthermore, arsenic is affecting people from other
regions through rice, rice-based products, fishes, etc.
Rice is the most affected crop with arsenic contamination owing to its cultivation
in major arsenic-contaminated areas of the world. Furthermore, rice is a crop which
is grown anaerobically (i.e., under flooded condition). In these growing conditions,
reducing environment prevails that increases the mobility of AsIII present mostly as
free H3AsO3. Besides, rice roots assimilate AsIII through silicic acid transporters,
which are significantly expressed in rice plants and are responsible for its very high
silica accumulation ability. In July 2014, the WHO set worldwide guidelines for
safe As levels in rice, i.e., 0.2 mg kg-1 for white rice and 0.4 mg kg-1 for brown rice.
As per the Chinese Food Safety Standard, the permissible limit of inorganic arsenic
content in rice is 0.15 mg kg-1.
Considering the importance of the issue, the book Arsenic in Drinking Water and
Food is a timely edition discussing the present global scenario of the problem and
prospective solutions available in hand or to be utilized in the future. This book
presents situation of arsenic contamination in different continents. The book dis-
cusses arsenic contamination of  rice, rice-based products, vegetables, fishes,
v
vi Preface
mushrooms, and other foods through which people get exposed to arsenic. The book
also addresses human health issues associated to arsenic exposure and possible pre-
ventive and curative measures available. In addition, the book discusses the rice-
arsenic interactions specifically to provide an update on mechanisms arsenic uptake
and translocation and distribution in plants and grains and to shed light on prospec-
tive agronomic and transgenic solutions to deal with the problem.
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Sudhakar Srivastava
Contents
The Status of Arsenic Contamination in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Anurakti Shukla, Surabhi Awasthi, Reshu Chauhan, and Sudhakar
Srivastava
Arsenic Environmental Contamination Status in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Natasha, Muhammad Shahid, Muhammad Imran, Sana Khalid,
Behzad Murtaza, Nabeel Khan Niazi, Yongqing Zhang,
and Imtyaz Hussain
Arsenic Contamination Status in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Milica M. Janković
Arsenic in Latin America: Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Marta I. Litter, María A. Armienta, Ruth E. Villanueva Estrada,
Edda C. Villaamil Lepori, and Valentina Olmos
Arsenic in Latin America: Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Marta I. Litter, María A. Armienta, Ruth E. Villanueva Estrada,
Edda C. Villaamil Lepori, and Valentina Olmos
Arsenic Contamination Status in Europe, Australia,
and Other Parts of the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Gordana Medunić, Željka Fiket, and Maja Ivanić
Global Market and Field Studies of Arsenic Accumulation in Rice . . . . . . 235
Penradee Chanpiwat, Suthipong Stiannopkao, Myoung-Soo Ko,
and Kyoung-Woong Kim
Arsenic in Rice-Based Food Products for Adults and Children . . . . . . . . . 261
Tatiana Pedron, Bruna Moreira Freire, Fernanda Pollo Paniz,
and Bruno Lemos Batista
Arsenic in Wheat, Maize, and Other Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Eliana Bianucci, Juan Manuel Peralta, Ana Furlan, Luis E. Hernández,
and Stella Castro
vii
viii Contents
Arsenic in Mushrooms, Fish, and Animal Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Garima Awasthi, Tanvi Singh, Anjali Awasthi, and Kumud Kant Awasthi
A Brief Status Report on Arsenic in Edible Vegetable Species . . . . . . . . . . 325
Marta Marmiroli
Potential Exposure to Arsenic and Other Elements
from Rice in Bangladesh: Health Risk Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman and Ravi Naidu
Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies for Acute
and Chronic Human Arsenic Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
S. J. S. Flora
Mechanisms of Arsenic Uptake, Transport, and in planta
Metabolism in Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Antonio Costa de Oliveira, Bruno Lemos Batista, Camila Pegoraro,
Eduardo Venske, and Vívian Ebeling Viana
Molecular Physiology of Arsenic Uptake, Transport,
and Metabolism in Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Thorny Chanu Thounaojam, Zesmin Khan, and Hrishikesh Upadhyaya
Safeguarding Rice from Arsenic Contamination Through
the Adoption of Chemo-agronomic Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Sudhakar Srivastava, Penna Suprasanna, and Rudra Deo Tripathi
Agricultural Water Management Practices and Environmental
Influences on Arsenic Dynamics in Rice Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Arnab Majumdar, Jisha Suresh Kumar, Sheena, and Sutapa Bose
Biotechnological Strategies to Reduce Arsenic Content in Rice . . . . . . . . . 445
Natasha Das, Surajit Bhattacharya, and Mrinal K. Maiti
About the Editor and Contributors
Editor
Sudhakar  Srivastava is presently working as an

Assistant Professor at the Institute of Environment and
Sustainable Development (IESD), Banaras Hindu
University (BHU). He completed his M.Sc. and Ph.D.
in Botany at the University of Lucknow. He also served
as a Scientific Officer at Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre (BARC), Mumbai, from 2009 to 2014. He has
more than 16 years of research experience in the field of
plant-metal interactions, with a major focus on arsenic
stress responses in plants. He has published 66 research
articles and 21 review and letter articles in high-impact
international and national journals. He has also received
several awards for his contributions, including a Young
Scientist Award from the National Academy of
Sciences, India (NASI), Allahabad, in 2011, Young
Scientist Award from Uttar Pradesh Council of Science
and Technology (UPCST) in 2013–2014, and Young
Scientist Award from the Science and Engineering
Research Board (SERB) in 2015. Dr. Srivastava is also
an Associate of the National Academy of Agricultural
Sciences (NAAS) and a Life Member of several societ-
ies as well as nongovernmental organizations and serves
as an Associate Editor for two respected international
journals: Acta Physiologiae Plantarum and Frontiers in
Ecology and Evolution.
ix
x About the Editor and Contributors
Contributors
María A. Armienta Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de
Geofísica, Circuito Exterior, CU, Ciudad de México, México
Anjali Awasthi Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan,
India
Garima Awasthi Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vivekananda Global
University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Kumud Kant Awasthi Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vivekananda
Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Surabhi  Awasthi Plant Ecology and Environment Science Division,
C.S.I.R.- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
Bruno Lemos Batista Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University
of ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
Surajit  Bhattacharya Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University
Kolkata, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Eliana  Bianucci Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB),
CONICET-UNRC, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales,
Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
Sutapa Bose Earth and Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department
of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
Stella  Castro Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB),
CONICET-UNRC, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales,
Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
Penradee  Chanpiwat Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, Thailand
Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, Thailand
Thorny Chanu Thounaojam Department of Botany, Cotton University, Guwahati,
Assam, India
Reshu  Chauhan Plant Ecology and Environment Science Division,
C.S.I.R.-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
Antonio Costa de Oliveira Eliseu Maciel College of Agronomy, Federal University
of Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
Natasha  Das Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India