Aromatic Plants: Basic and Applied Aspects

280 Pages·1982·7.94 MB·English

by  A. M. Bosabalidis

AROMATIC PLANTS: BASIC AND APPLIED ASPECTS
WORLD CROPS:
PRODUCTION, UTILIZATION, AND DESCRIPTION
volume 7
Other volumes in this series:
1. Stanton WR, Flach M, eds: SAGO The equatorial swamp as a natural resource, 1980
ISBN 90-247-2470-8.
2. Pollmer WG, Phipps RH, eds: Improvement of quality traits of maize for grain and
silage use. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2289-6.
3 Bond DA, ed: Vicia faba: Feeding value, processing and viruses. 1980.
ISBN 90-247-2362-0.
4. Thompson R, ed: Vicia faba: Physiology and breeding. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2496-1.
5. Bunting ES, ed: Production and utilization of protein in oilseed crops. 1981.
ISBN 90-247-2532-1.
6. Hawtin G, Webb C, eds: Faba bean improvement. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2593-3.
Aromatic Plants:
Basic and Applied Aspects
Proceedings of an International Symposium on Aromatic Plants
organized by the Laboratory of Ecology, University of Thessaloniki,
held in Kallithea (Chalkidiki) Greece, 14-19 September 1981
edited by
NIKOS MARGARIS
Laboratory of Ecology, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
ARTHUR KOEDAM
Department of Pharmacognosy, State University Leiden, The Netherlands
DESPINA VOKOU
Laboratory of Ecology, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
!II
Iii
1982
MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
THE HAGUE I BOSTON I LONDON
Distributors:
for the United States and Canada
Kluwer Boston, Inc.
190 Old Derby Street
Hingham, MA 02043
USA
for all other countries
Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Distribution Center
P.O. Box 322
3300 AH Dordrecht
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library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on A:"'omatic Plants (1981
Kallithea, Greece)
Aromatic plants.
(World crops ; v. 7)
Includes index.
1. Aromatic plants--Congresses. I. r'largaris,
Nikos. II. Koedam, Arthur III. Vokou, Despina.
IV. Aristoteleion Panepistemion Thessalonik~s.
Laboratory of Ecology. V. Title. VI. Series:
World crops (Hague)
SB301.157 1982 582'.063 82-12593
ISBN-13:978-94-009-7644-3
ISBN -13: 978-94-009-7644-3 e-ISBN -13: 978-94-009-7642-9
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-7642-9
Copyright © 1982 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1982
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 566, 2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands.
v
CONTENTS
I NJRODUCT ION vii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix
CHAPTER 1 - ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY 1
Ultrastructure of the essential oil secretion in glandular scales
of Origanum dictamnus L. leaves
A.M. Bosabalidis and I. Tsekos 3
Leaf morphology of Thymus capitatus (Labiatae) by scanning
electron microscopy
A. Economou-Amilli, D. Vokou, K. Anagnostidis and N.S. Margaris 13
- Inula hairs - Structure, ultrastructure and secretion
E. Werker and S. Fahn 25
- Pollen morphology of the genus Origanum L. and allied genera
S.Z. Husain and V.H. Heywood 39
CHAPTER 2 - ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION 57
- Volatile oils as allelopathic agents
D. Vokou and N.S. Margaris 59
- Artemisia tridentata monoterpenoid effect on ruminant digestion
and forage selection.
B.L. Welch, H. Narjisse and E.D. McArthur 73
- Productivity of aromatic plants: climatic models
E.D. Box 87
A taxonomic reV1Slon of Sideritis L. section Empedoclia (Rafin.)
Bentham (Labiatae) in Greece
K. Papanikolaou and S. Kokkini 101
CHAPTER 3 - CHEMOTAXONOMY 129
- Morphological, cytological and chemical investigations of Mentha
spicata L. in Greece
S. Kokkini and V.P. Papageorgiou 131
Distribution of flavonoids as chemotaxonomic markers in the genus
Origanum L. and related genera in Labiatae
S.Z. Husain, V.H. Heywood and K.R. Markham 141
- New chemical markers within Artemisia (Compositae-Anthemidae)
H. Greger 153
- Chemical investigations of essential oils of Umbellifers
K-H. Kubeczka 165
CHAPTER 4 - ANALYSIS AND COMPOSITION 175
- 13C_NMR analysis of essential oils
V. Formacek and K-H. Kubeczka 177
- Qualitative evaluation of aromatic herbs by direct space (GC)2
analysis. Application of the method and comparison lliith the
traditional analysis of essential oils
F. Chialva, G. Gabri, P.A.P. Liddle and F. Ulian 183
- The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from
Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ap. Heuff.
R. Palic, S. Kapor and M.J. Gasic 197
- The essential oil from Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus
El. Stahl 203
- Atractylodes lancea DC. (Compositae). Contribution on the
constituents of the essential oil.
K. Bruns, H. Dolhaine and U. Weber 207
- Chemotaxonomy of the Greek species of Sideritis. I. Components
of the volatile fraction of Sideritis raeseri ssp. raeseri
V.P. Papageorgiou, S. Kokkini and N. Argyriadou 211
- The terpenes of the essential oil of myrrh
C.H. Brieskorn and P. Noble 221
CHAPTER 5 - PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION 227
- The influence of some distillation conditions on essential oil
composition
A. Koedam 229
Variations in yield parameters in a lliild population of Origanum
vulgare
E. Putievsky and U. Ravid 237
The production of aromatic plants in the Pancalieri area
F. Chialva 249
- Some potentially important indigenous aromatic plants from the
eastern seaboard areas of Southern Africa
S.R.K. Piprek, E.H. Graven and P. Whitfield 255
- Labiatae as medicinal plants in Israel
Z. Yaniv, A. Dafni and D. Palevitch 265
- Nelli pharmacologically important flavonoids of Thymus vulgaris
C.o. Van den Broucke 271
PLANT SYSTEMATIC INDEX 277
CHEMICAL INDEX 281
vii
INTRODUCTION
The use of aromatic plants has been practised since ancient times as
is evidenced by records of Chinese, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek and
Roman origin; recent findings in Pakistan prove that it goes as far back
as 5000 years. Accordingly, the importance and value ascribed to them were
always high. Either as a medicine, a foodstuff, a seasoning, a cosmetic
or an element of religious rituals the aromatic plant was indispensable.
It is not to be forgotten that desire tor the riches of India - spices
among which - and the struggle to monopolize the trade of the latter con
tributed to the opening of new sea routes, discovering of continents and
altering the picture of the known world.
With the advent of modern civilization, characterized by scientific
and technological development which dIverted estimation and consumption
towards artificial products, aromatic plants experienced a temporary de
cline of use retaining, however, theIr importance In sectors such as the
culinary art and cosmetics industry.
This situation changed during the last decade having brought worldwide
a remarkable transition towards utIlization of natural products. As a
consequence of this revived interest the field of aromatic plants research
has expanded considerably both in scope and stature, with a number of
different diSCIplines, such as chemistry, pharmacology, botany, ecology,
etc. having directed their attention on them. In parallel, the great eco
nomIC importance of aromatic crops for many countries has enhanced re
search on them, what is eVIdenced by an ever increasing stream of publica
tions. Though the main part of these papers has been devoted to the chemi
cal composition of their volatile oils attention has also been given to
genetic and chemosystematic matters, on the possible role of volatile oils
upon insects, and on animal damage. Evidently, in recent years the ad
vances in instrumentation have opened quite new avenues and much valuable
information has been gained. Thus, the scanning electron microscope has
revealed a world only dreamed of several years ago while analytical tools
were tremendously improved by the introduction of gas-chromatography
coupled with mass-spectrometry and infrared-spectroscopy. Nevertheless, a
large number of aspects of aromatic plants is unsufficiently known, e.g.
there is practically no information on the relationship between them and
their physical and biological environment; their pharmacological activity
is still unclear; the site of synthesis of the different flavour compounds
is essentially unknown.
With the goal of bringing together scientists working in different
disciplines of aromatic plants research to present recent progress in
their field a Symposium was organized in Halkidiki, Greece, in September
1981. The meeting was attended by approximately 130 participants from 20
countries; the present volume is a collection of papers presented in it.
Since the length of this pUblication did not allow inclusion of all
papers the editors had to undertake the dIffIcult task of selecting only
a certain number among them. Within the compass of a single specialized
volume we have tried, through the papers selected, to demonstrate the
multidisciplinarity of aromatic plants research. Papers included are
separated into five chapters, viz. Anatomy and Morphology, Ecology and
Distribution, Chemotaxonomy, Analysis and Composition, and Production and
Application. We hope that this volume, reflecting the state of the art,
will prove of value to all those concerned with aromatic plants.
We would like to thank all authors who have contributed articles and
also Mrs. A. Karamanli-Vlahopoulou for her patience and skill in preparing
the manuscript.
Arthur Koedam Nikos Margaris
Despina Vokou
Department of Pharmacognosy
State University of Leiden Laboratory of Ecology
The Netherlands University of Thessaloniki
Greece
ix
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
ANAGNUSTIDIS K Institute of Systematic Botany, University
of Athens, Greece
ARGYRIADOU N Research Laboratories, VIORYL S.A., Athens,
Greece
BoSABALIDIS AM Botanical Institute, University of Thessa
loniki, Greece
BOX ED Geography Department, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
BRIESKoRN CH Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry,
University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-87oo
Wuerzburg, West Germany
BRUNS K Aromatic Chemicals Laboratories, Henkel KGaA,
D-4000 Duesseldorf, West Germany
CHIALVA F Martini and Rossi SpA, Piazza L. Rossi 1,
10020 Pessione, Torino, Italy
DAFNI A Institute of Evolution, Haifa University,
Haifa, Israel
DoLHAINE H Aromatic Chemicals Laboratories, Henkel KGaA,
D-4000 Duesseldorf, West Germany
ECONOMOU-AMILLI A Institute of Systematic Botany, University
of Athens, Greece
FAHN A Department of Botany, The Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
FORMACEK V Bruker Analytische Messtechnik GmbH, Am
Silberstreifen, D-7512 Rheinstetten 4, West
Germany
GABRI G Martini and Rossi SpA, Piazza L. Rossi 1,
10020 Pessione, Torino, Italy
GASH: MJ Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry,
University of Belgrade, Student ski trg 16,
POB 550, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia
GRAVEN EH University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
GREGER H Institut fur Botanik der Universitat Wien,
Rennweg 14, A-I030 Wien, Austria
x
HEYWOOD VH Department of Botany, University of Reading,
Berks., RG6 2AS, United Kingdom
HUSAIN SZ Department of Botany, University of Reading,
Berks., RG6 2AS, United Kingdom
KAPOR S INEP Zemun, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
KOEDAM A Department of Pharmacognosy, State University
of Leiden, The Netherlands
KOKKINI S Institute of Systematic Botany and Phyto
geopraphy, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
KUBECZKA K-H Department of Pharmaceutical Biology,
University of WUrzburg, Mittlerer Dallenberg
llieg 64, D-8700 WUrzburg, West Germany
LIDDLE PAP Martini and Rossi SpA, Piazza L. Rossi 1,
10020 Pessione, Torino, Italy
~1ARGARIS NS Laboratory of Ecology, POB 119, University
of Thessaloniki, Greece
MARKHAM KR Chemistry Division, D.S.I.R., Private Bag,
Petone, Nelli Zealand
McARTHUR ED USFS-INT, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo,
Utah 84601, USA
NARJIS5E H E.N.A., B.P. S 40, Meknes, Morocco
NOBLE P Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry,
University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-8700
Wuerzburg, West Germany
PALEVITCH D Agricultural Research Organization, The
Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
PALIC H Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry,
Kosovo University, Pristina, Yugoslavia
PAPAGEORGIOU VP Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, College of
Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessa
loniki, Greece
PAPANIKOLAOU K Institute of Systematic Botany and Phyto
geography, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
PUTIEVSKY E Division of Medicinal and Spice Crops, Agri
cultural Research Organization, Nellie Ya'ar,
Post Haifa 31999, Israel
RAVID U Division of Medicinal and Spice Crops, Agri
cultural Research Organization, Nellie Ya'ar,
Post Haifa 31999, Israel