arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis instituti ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis ...

577 Pages·2012·5.07 MB·Portuguese

arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis
enaTmecnierebis instituti

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics
Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University

Институт языкознания имени Арнольда Чикобава
Тбилисский государственный университет имени
Иванэ Джавахишвили

Arnold Chikobava

Works
V

А. С. Чикобава

Труды
V

Tbilisi 2011 Тбилиси
arnold Ciqobava

Sr ome b i
V

Tbilisi
2011
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1. enas xalxi qmnis, samwerlo enas _ mwerloba, samwerlo enis
Zeglebi enis nakvalevs toveben istoriaSi.
enis specialisti am nakvalevis mixedviT aGadgens, met-naklebi
sisruliT, Tu ra saxisa iKo im dros enis leqsika, sitKvisa da wi-
nadadebis struqtura, bgeriTi Sedgeniloba.
2. qarTuli samwerlo enis Kvelaze Zvel `nakvalevad~ iTvleba
warwera bolnisis sionze V saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedisa (asoTa
moxazuloba qvaze _ ivane JavaxiSvilis samarTliani varaudiT _
gvafiqrebinebs, rom mexuTe saukuneSi Seqmnilad qarTul anbans ver
miviCnevT: am droisaTvis mas ganviTarebis garkveuli gza unda
hqondes gavlili).
3. eris raobas roca gansazGvraven, enis erTobaze miuTiTeben.
eris raobis es niSani Kvelaze Zvelia (teritoriis erToba,
ekonomika, fsiqikuri wKoba am mxriv enas ver Seedrebian).
e ri s raobis es Kvelaze Zveli niSani x alx s axasiaTebda,
xalxis meobas gansazGvravda:
SeiZleba xalxma samSoblo gamoicvalos da imave xalxad da-
rCes, Tu ena SeinarCuna, _ wers k. uSinski, cnobili progresuli
rusi pedagogi, _ magram sxva xalxad iqceva, Tu ena icvala (Turqu-
li modgmis xalxi, bulgarelebi, karga xania axlandel samSobloSi
damkvidrdnen, slavuri metKveleba SeiTvises da slav xalxad Tvli-
an Tavs).
e na x alx i s meobi s K vel aze ars ebiTi ni -
Sani a.
4. aq igulisxmeba bunebrivi ena, xalxis Seqmnili da xalxis
kuTvnileba.
SeiZleba `enis~ Seqmnas calkeuli piric Seecados: `esperan-
to~, `ido~... amgvari enis nimuSebia; esaa e. w. `xelovnuri damxmare
saerTaSoriso~ enebi. Kvelaze meti mimdevari `esperantos~ hKavs. igi
laTinuri enis gamartivebul surogats warmoadgens.
`esperantom~ raGac praqtikuli daxmareba SeiZleba gauwios
imas, vinc es ena iswavla, magram am enaze lirikuli poezia rom Se-
6 werilebi
iqmnas, saTuoa: bunebrivi enis magivrobas is, cxadia, ver gaswevs.
rac arsebiTia: av t om atur i Targm ani radikalurad
cvlis viTarebas _ sxvadasxva enaze molaparakeTa urTierTobac SesaZ-
lebeli xdeba da xalxis dedaenasac misi bunebrivi adgili urCeba.
5. enis raobas, enaTa cvlis istorias ikvlevs, samwerlo enis
meurneobas uvlis da samwerlo enis ganviTarebis sakiTxebs Seiswav-
lis enis specialisti, enaTmecnieri: ra gvaqvs samwerlo enaSi da,
Tu rKeva gvaqvs, rogor miviGeT igi. erTi sitKviT, enaTmecniers
swori diagnozis dasma evaleba; kerZod, isic unda gaarkvios: is na-
irgvaroba gvaqvs, rac saliteraturo enas ayrelebs da aZabunebs
da, maSasadame, uadgiloa (````iiiimmmmaaaaTTTT TTTTqqqqvvvveeeessss~~~~ _ Sdr. iiiimmmmaaaaTTTTmmmmaaaa Tqves, iiiimmmmggggeeeennnn----
mmmmaaaa Tqves), Tu iseTi variantebia, rom maTi moSla enas gaaGaribebda,
Stamps Seqmnida (````mmmmggggzzzzaaaavvvvrrrriiii ddddaaaaSSSSaaaavvvvddddaaaa~~~~... `mmmmuuuurrrrnnnneeeeoooobbbbaaaa ddddaaaazzzzaaaarrrraaaallllddddaaaa setKvi-
sagan~... `SSSSeeeennnnoooobbbbaaaa ddddaaaazzzziiiiaaaannnnddddaaaa miwisZvrisagan~... rusuli ena aq samsave
SemTxvevaSi erT zmnas ixmars: пострадал,-а,-о... qarTuladac erT
sitKvas _ ````ddddaaaazzzzaaaarrrraaaallllddddaaaa~~~~ _ xmarobs zogi avtori zog gazeTSi...).
6. saliteraturo enis kanonmdeblad mohqonda Tavi Zvel sa-
skolo gramatikas; aq sakiTxs ase svamdnen: rrrrooooggggoooorrrr aaaarrrriiiissss, rrrrooooggggoooorrrr
uuuunnnnddddaaaa iiiiyyyyoooossss! Cveulebriv ityodnen: asea keTilxmovanio! erTisTvis ke-
Tilxmovani SeiZleboda meores arakeTilxmovnad mieCnia (`bav Sv i~
Tu `bavSi~... ufro keTilxmovani raa, amaze kamaTi CvenSi Kofi-
la...). es subieqturi sazomia.
7. saliteraturo enas mwerali qmnis; mxatvruli nawarmoebi...
aq `ar Kvela sworia~: aris romani, moTxroba..., rom mkiTxveli ara-
erTxel waikiTxavs, da Kovel Jerze axal raGacas ipovis masSi, ax-
leburad aGiqvams... aseve _ leqsic, zepirad rom swavloben. aris _
sxvagvaric.
da mainc: erTi kargi moTxroba an leqsi rom SesZinos mSob-
liur mwerlobas avtorma, keTili saqmea...
Kvela zari xom Tanabrad ar gugunebs... "Vivos voco, mortuos plan-
go" _ `cocxlebs movuxmob, mkvdrebs davitireb~, _ SeuZlia Tqvas
mogugune zarma, mweralma.
8. Cvens qveKanaSi, Cvens droSi, roca uwignuri bavSvi ar rCe-
ba, roca dedaenas qveKnis kulturul cxovrebaSi didi sarbieli
uCndeba, da dedaenis ganviTarebis sakiTxebi respublikis xelmZGva-
nelTa zrunvis sagani gaxda (oficialuri dadgenilebac ki gamoaqvT
da dadgenilebis Sesrulebasac kontroli eweva), qarTuli litera-
turisa da qarTveli mwerlis `droSa maGla avida~...
amis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gamoxatuleba is aris, rom
xalxi, ena, mwerali 7
q arTul i m werl obi s a da q arTul i e nis bu r -
J e bs sagangebo dGeebi dauwesdaT1, maTi Gvawli rom ixseniebo-
des: rusTa v el is dGe, il ias dG e, ak ak i s dGe, v a-
j as dG e, i ak o b goge baSv il i s dG e...
aq erTi sakiTxi Cndeba: bunebrivi ar iqneboda, gvqonoda
q arTul i e nis dGe, im enis dGe, uromlisodac rusTavelis,
ilias, akakis, vajas... zarebi ar igugunebdnen?...
SeiZleboda qarTuli enis dGe dakavSireboda qarTuli poezi-
is mwvervalis _ rusTavelis dGes: `ru sTav el is a da q ar -
Tul i e nis dG e~...
am dGes SevaJamebdiT, ra gakeTda qarTuli enis kvlevisaTvis
respublikis samecniero-kevleviTsa da samecniero-pedagogiur dawe-
sebulebebSi... saliteraturo enis normaTa saxelmwifo komisiaSi,
radiosa da televiziaSi _ normaTa danergvis mxriv...
ra gakeTda qarTveli k l as ik os ebi s nawarmoebTa m a-
s o br iv i gamocem i s mxriv... da ase Semdeg...
`r usTav el is a da q arTul i eni s dG e~ (Tu:
`q arTul i e nis a da ru sTave li s dGe~) iqneboda
`q m na m arTl is a s am arTl is a~..., rac qarTul enas faq-
tobriv aqvs da oficialuradac ekuTvnis.

kr. `qarTuli sitKvis kulturis sakiTxebi~,
wigni VI, 1984, gv. 37-39

1 sicocxleSi ilia yavyavaZes, qarTveli xalxis yirisufals, iubile ver gadauxades...
ukanaskneli ormocdaxuTi wlis manZilze usamarTloba gamosworda.
xxxxaaaallllxxxxiiiissss eeeennnnaaaa xxxxaaaallllxxxxiiiissss iiiissssttttoooorrrriiiiaaaaaaaa

ena xalxis istoriis Zveli da alalmarTali mowmea.
qarTvelur enebis da maTTan geneturad dakavSirebul specifi-
kur kavkasiur enebis (afxazur, adiGeur, CeCnur, daGestnur) istori-
is fesvebi imarxeba uZveles xanaSi da ekuTvnis enebs im xalxisas, rom-
lebmac Seqmnes winaaziaSi Zveli civilizacia, kacobriobis civiliza-
ciis es akvani (miTanelebi, xeTebi) da sxv.
am debulebas amjamad iziareben sabyoTa mecnierebis avtorite-
tuli warmomadgenlebi da ucxoeTis gamoCenili mecnierebi (akad.
n. mari, akad. i. JavaxiSvili, f. gomeli, e. maieri).
amasTan dakavSirebiT Cveni enebis Grma damuSaveba aucilebeli
saqmea. qarTuli ena, romelsac TxuTmetsaukuniani damwerlobiTi is-
toria aqvs da masTan axlo mKofi monaTesave udamwerlobo qarTvelu-
ri enebi (svanuri, megrul-yanuri), iseve rogorc norCi damwerlobis
mqone enebi _ afxazuri, adiGeuri, CeCnuri, daGestnuri, _ warmoad-
genen faqtTa amouwurav saganZurs, romelmac naTeli unda mohfinos
am enebis mdidar warsuls da am enebis mqone xalxs.
SedarebiT-istoriulma Seswavlam unda gamoavlinos es faqtebi.
Cveni enebis aseTi gamokvlevis procesSi sayiro xdeba ssssaaaaeeeerrrrTTTToooo eeeelllleeeemmmmeeeennnn----
tttteeeebbbbiiiissss gamoKofa, romlebic arsebobs monaTesave Sesadarebel enebSi.
nawilobriv Kovelive es _ dawKebiTi saerTo enis fondis gamovline-
baa, nawilobriv ki am enebis ufro gviani drois urTierTmoqmedebis
Sedegia.
lingvistika mkacrad ansxvavebs ssssiiiittttKKKKvvvveeeebbbbiiiissss ggggaaaaddddmmmmooooGGGGeeeebbbbaaaassss sitKvis
formulirebis elementis gadmoGebisagan (pppprrrreeeeffffiiiiqqqqssssiiiissssaaaaggggaaaannnn, bbbboooolllloooossssaaaarrrrTTTTiiii----
ssssaaaaggggaaaannnn, TTTTaaaavvvvssssaaaarrrrTTTTiiiissssaaaaggggaaaannnn). pirveli rigis gadmoGeba SeiZleba Segvxvdes Kve-
la enaSi, maT Soris iseT enebSic, romlebsac arasdros araviTari
kontaqti ar hqoniaT.
afiqsebi (prefiqsebi, bolosarTebi), romlebic aformeben
sitKvis elementebs, SeiZleba gadmoGebul iqnan mxolod xangrZliv
uSualo kontaqtis dros, romelsac SemdgomSi am enaTa ganviTarebisa-
ken (SeJvarebisaken) mihKavs.
ssr kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis saqarTvelos filialis ga-
xalxi, ena, mwerali 9
msvlel sesiaze Cveni moxsenebis `morfologiuri Sexvedrebi afxazuri-
sa qarTvelur enebTan~ sagans warmoadgenen swored aseTi saerTo mor-
fologiuri elementebi qarTvelur da afxazur enebSi.
pirvel rigSi es zmnis TavsarTebia (preverbebi): la-, ka-, Ta-,
na-, wa-; Semdeg: arsebiTi saxelis safuZvlis Semqmneli bolosarTia _
-es, romelic afxazur enaSi gamodis brunvis rolSi.
specialur literaturaSi (akad. n. mari, p. yaraia) zogierT
aseTze specialuri miTiTeba arsebobs.
dasaxelebul preverbebisagan, qarTul enaSi saxezea mxolod wa-
(wa-vida, wa-iKvana);
preverbi Ta- fiqsirebulia mxolod megrul enaSi _ `miToxe~,
rac niSnavs `xeSi zis~, xa- _ yanur enaSi; la-, ka- _ megrulsa da ya-
nur enebSi (megrulad oTaxus milaxe _ oTaxSi cxovrobs, bja mikare
_ mze adgia).
KKKKvvvveeeellllaaaa eeeessss pppprrrreeeevvvveeeerrrrbbbbeeeebbbbiiii aaaaTTTTvvvviiiisssseeeebbbbuuuulllliiiiaaaa aaaaffffxxxxaaaazzzzuuuurrrr lllliiiinnnnggggvvvviiiissssttttuuuurrrr wwwwrrrriiii----
ddddaaaannnn (SevadaroT afxazuri zmnebi Sesaferisi zmnis nawilebs: aqlaad
Á
aSnKˆ awoup _ `qaGaldi imKofeba wignSis qveS~... aZˆ sTatooup _
`vimKofebi wKalSi~... anagara _ `mimaqvs iq~... abna sˆlatooup _ `vzi-
var tKeSi~... akafxara... akˆlfara `amoxtoma~...
mmmmeeeeoooorrrreeee mmmmxxxxrrrriiiivvvv qqqqaaaarrrrTTTTvvvveeeelllluuuurrrr eeeennnnaaaaTTTTaaaa mmmmoooorrrrffffoooollllooooggggiiiiuuuurrrr iiiinnnnvvvveeeennnnttttaaaarrrriiiiddddaaaannnn
aaaaffffxxxxaaaazzzzuuuurrrriiii eeeennnniiiissss mmmmiiiieeeerrrr nnnnaaaasssseeeessssxxxxeeeebbbbiiiiaaaa bbbboooolllloooossssaaaarrrrTTTTaaaavvvviiii -ˆs: anˆs, abˆs... `dediT~,
`mamiT~... ubˆs _ ise, abas _ ase... megrulad mangaras, sqvamas, malas _
magrad, lamazad, male...
zemoTmoxsenebul preverbebidan Kvelaze sainteresoa preverbebis
`na~ da `wa~ bedi. pirveli amoGebulia yanur (lazur) dialeqtis mi-
er uSualoT afxazuridan iseve, rogorc preverbi `wa~ qarTuli enis
mier aTvisebulia uSualoT afxazuri enidan (am preverbis etimolo-
gia mocemulia afxazur enaSi; `wa~ dakavSirebulia sitKva `awv~ Zir-
Tan).
istorikosebis saqmea gadaswKviton, Tu ssssaaaadddd da rrrrooooddddiiiissss da romel
konkretul istoriul garemocvaSi mimdinareobda aseTi xangrZlivi
kontaqtis procesi, romliTac es gadmoGeba aixsneba. SeiZleba mxo-
lod aGiniSnos, rom mas adgili hqonda Cveni epoqis V saukuneze uf-
ro adre: Zvel qarTul xanmetur-teqstebSi (V-VI sauk.) preverbi
`wa-r~ ukve arsebobs. aseTive drois istoria aqvs afxazuri enis mier
bolosarTav `-ˆs~ gadmoGebas qarTvelur enebidan.
aseTia Zvel istoriul kavSiris lingvisturi gamoZaxili.
visac erTxel mainc mousmenia qarTuli (qarTluri, kaxuri), sva-
nuri, megruli, afxazuri da lekuri xalxuri simGerebi, es iSviaTi
10 werilebi
silamaziTa da simdidriT aGsavse motivebi, gansakuTrebiT mravalfe-
rovani da amave dros erTimeoresTan intimur naTesaobiT dakavSire-
buli motivebi, _ ar SeiZleba ar darwmundes imaSi, rom es xalxi
mravalsaukunoebriv kulturis mqone xalxia; romelsac aTasi wlebis
manZilze gautania Tavisi ena, gauZlia bediGblis ukuGmarTobisaTvis,
gauZlia istoriis wamebisaTvis, istoriisa, romelmac araerTi tomi,
araerTi xalxi mospo dedamiwis zurgidan.
da amaSi gvarwmunebs ara marto xalxuri Semoqmedeba. amas gvas-
wavlis Cven istoria da amasve mowmobs TviT ena misi faqtebis zusti
obieqturi analizis Sedegad.
warsulSi mravalsaukunoebrivi saziaro brZola myidrod akavSi-
rebs Cven xalxebs. stalinurma epoqam uzrunvelhKo am xalxebis gaugo-
nari ganviTareba.

gaz. `sabyoTa afxazeTi~, #75, 1940, 29 seqtemberi, gv. 2
s are d aqc io sab yo
i. abdulaevi (mahaCKala), n. andGulaZe (Tbilisi), a. arabuli
(TavmJdomare, Tbilisi), S. afridoniZe (Tbilisi), e. babunaSvili (Tbi-
lisi), b. bersirovi (maikopi), i. brauni (poloneTi), h. gamzaTovi (ma-
haCKala), T. gamKreliZe (Tbilisi), g. gogolaSvili (Tbilisi),
t. gurievi (vladikavkazi), k. vamlingi (SvedeTi), x. Taovi (nalCiki),
a. Timaevi (grozno), n. mayavariani (Tbilisi), f. ozdoeva (nazrani),
e. osiZe (Tbilisi), s. pazovi (karaCaevski), T. uTurgaiZe (Tbilisi),
b. utie (safrangeTi), k. h. Smidti (germania), i. CantlaZe (Tbilisi),
a. yinyarauli (Tbilisi), l. ykadua (soxumi), z. yumburiZe (Tbilisi),
r. JanaSia (Tbilisi), a. harisi (aSS)

s are d aqc io ko legi a

c. baramiZe, l. ezugbaia, g. kvaracxelia, m. suxiSvili, †m. qurdiani,
v. Sengelia (mTavari redaqtori), m. Cuxua
tomis redaqtori S. afridoniZe

Edit or ial C ounci l

I. Abdulaev (Makhachkala), N. Andghuladze (Tbilisi), Sh. Apridonidze (Tbili-
si), A. Arabuli (Chairman, Tbilisi), E. Babunashvili (Tbilisi), B. Bersirov (Maikop),
I. Brown (Poland), I. Chantladze (Tbilisi), Th. Gamkrelidze (Tbilisi), H. Gamzatov
(Makhachkala), G. Gogolashvili (Tbilisi), T. Guriev (Vladikavkaz), A. Harris (USA),
R. Janashia (Tbilisi), N. Matchavariani (Tbilisi), E. Osidze (Tbilisi), B. Outtier
(France), F. Ozdoeva (Nazran), S. Pazov (Karachaevsk), K. H. Schmidt (Germany),
Kh. Taov (Nalchik), A. Tchintcharauli (Tbilisi), L. Tchkadua (Sokhumi), Z. Tchum-
buridze (Tbilisi), A. Timaev (Grozny), T. Uturgaidze (Tbilisi), K. Vamling (Sweden)

Edit or ial Boar d

Ts. Baramidze, M. Chukhua, L. Ezugbaia, †M. Kurdiani, G. Kvaratskhelia,
V. Shengelia (Editor-in-chief), M. Sukhishvili
Editor of the volume Sh. Apridonidze

© arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis instituti
ISBN (mravaltomeuli)
ISBN (tomi V)