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Army Field Manual FM 31-70 (Basic Cold Weather Manual) PDF

203 Pages·2007·8.01 MB·English
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Preview Army Field Manual FM 31-70 (Basic Cold Weather Manual)

FM 31-70 D E P A R T M E N T O F T H E A R M Y F I E L D M A N U A L BASIC COLD WEATHER MANUAL This copy is a reprint which includes current pages from Change 1. H E A D Q U A R T E R S , D E P A R T M E N T O F T H E A R M Y A P R I L 1 9 6 8 .EW 3iO EIEPD wvnvr J HhtcflVTLET2 L1'jtI't 7Vt? L TU 14AJTt4DYTiAUTJ '(.LJ. LTI ULJT[]LE a7'UVTZL1T TJ MO. 2I—JO ) flV2HIMCLOI4b DC' DVCI '..'JIU IV1CVLflD YVYV1IIV1 PI% A& P I I II %AI.JIAP CHVLLEIf 1 II'1JdODflCLIO4 I_Tb I-S 2 U r%T A TT (1V ZT ('T'I T IZTTA (1 VZTA T Zci4'cb rJ LTLTDTAJ'TLTi4A7TU 6cçiou (J6U6LBJ - S—I—S—3 2 II• C1OW1IJ - e III. Ed!bli16U -- CHThLEX 3 21!vrr fl.1Ii FIAIMC 26C4!0U I CGIJGLffJ - 2—r 2— rL TC UNTJRG' ufl nrruL cdnihuicu - 0 0 0 10 00 ur uJbLoAJeGq apGJ4GL - — 3123S1 LA oq vxiq6- A H16U6 IJq UL2 2—33——2—'1 A1 BAOflC LOITçIU - P0 CHVLLEE t 2KIIWL VJ4D 2MOiA2HOEI4C 26C4IOIJ I• oqnc;iou 1 QTflM Q1U1 TLTT — III• Il(!J1LA JCI1U 1K IJIBL 2flO!A2pOGiU. t-3e-—t-38 &1. j ybbJ!cvou o jq uuq UO&O6 c6cpu!dn - ______ CHVLLEIC 2 WOAE?IEMJ 6C4JOU J JLOJ6W 6C4iIJ UIOA6WGIJ - 701 TT 1400c UJOAGUYG1J TAO ill UJjJJJt — 1K rq uAlcOU - 2i—2—8 fl3 A Vf!0JJ JAJJ6IJ J0a 2—IO--—2—1 jj p(6GpIJ6q q ço WOA66 - ATT T6Q— D—T& 9—T. TTh I111I —JJ CHV1LEB 0 COrtBVL I1ECH4I11E b4JU4J I- L) 1JLJAqJJuj UJ( IJUJ4JJbLU L1J. ir !A6bon2 uq TULflhiJ6IJ - iir JL6 vuq WOJ6W61J - 1K E!P!U 46C}JIJJdfl6 0—12—1—12 125 - K CW0flU6 BJJq COIJG6JW6U - e—ie—-e--se l2 Ar q opçtw - e—s----e--2s !'JTIE'TI L !oDaTAt Tv7iT i'T rtTAT T TIta'.J vTY iTi0'T1?O0 26C10U I. CGU6LUI if b6d11J10L bLOpJGUJ O JGvq6L - jp,s uaaunoi .b...qsa w 3i—O 3 .pLLA iom' ucnqu8 cpevkr vco gqqrv I )EMDIX V IEEEKEMCE 121 W C!WflPID\V1J EWEJCEMCX CODE EOK fl2E III YI\FVMD BE2CI1E 2EVICH - C. 2X1 icirr D EEEECJ OE COL'D IAEVILHEIC 014 1EVbO142 E IIEICHJ2 OE COrD liEVLHE} COLHfl4C VMD E6flILWEML VMD LAbE rovD - Lb E' E4AIEO?1EMLVT EMECJ2 Q corD !AEVJHE}c HIMJ2 181 U WV2flRW1'tA.T COMA1TC2TOI4 !VCLOT2 rai C'0a9VKA IMDEX 18't yco SQ4IY FM 31-70 C l CHANGE HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 1 WASHINGTON, D.C., /7 December /968 BASIC COLD WEATHER MANUAL FM 31-70, 12 April 1968, is changed as follows: mately 15° F to –15° F). The term moderately Page 53, paragraph 3-51 b, In line 16 “(LOW)” is cold is used only as a descriptive term. What is changed to read “(LAW or Lubricant, Semi- termed as moderately cold to one person, may be Fluid, MIL--L--46000A(LSA)).” extremely cold to another. The windchill factor Page 165, paragraph D-2 a. In line 10 “(LOW)” must also be considered, a moderate cold could is changed to read “(LAW or Lubricant, Semi- change momentarily to extreme cold by the addi- Fluid, MIL-L-46000A(LSA)).” tion of high winds. Therefore, the commander Page 166, paragraph D-3a (2). In line 21 “LOW” should use the type loads for planning only and is changed to read "LAW or Lubricant, Semi- should adjust them accordingly to fit a given situa- Fluid, MIL-L-46000A(LSA).” tion and temperature condition. Page 166, paragraph D-3 a (3), In lines 3 & 4 wwtsia “LOW” is changed to read “LAW or Lubricant, Semi-Fluid, MIL-L-46000A(LSA).” Page 166, paragraph D-3 b (4). In line 7 “LOW” is J{GJIUGCb IA\73116L 9 00 changed to read “LAW or Lubricant, Semi- flhJqGLeJflLç' 2o\2o 0' s DLWJLGL2' 20\20 0' 20 Fluid, MIL--L-46000A(LSA).” 2OC' C"2J'1°" OJG 0' 10 Page 170, paragraph E–2 a. In line 14 “Cap, Cold nabGnqGL 0' 32 W Heelamthete rL”i nise rc-hHaenlmgeedt. ”to read “Cap, Insulting, 12LP0!1L112'GL112s100c1oLn4oAIuOIyJ40?.0JWJ ThU- 31'2100 c° ccc" jOu m1 9' So Page 171, paragraph E 2c. Entire page 171 is F!UGL' C''r Yi':l°" flJL6q 0' 32 deleted and the following is added: cvb' 10211JIU -jGJw6ç r!uGL-w1w6r - 0' 30 L 3p2,!s02a bcLo0Ou1'I 'y1 uv1cJcl2bo'c wrLe2nsouwuu'f G cyrj u(ic2JpuiAucweorLiu6) - 3w3s' 0020 YyI!RctWGJ6sLM 2' JjI/WGOHOQt ' jL!e&GL EUJeGL - 0' 43B32e BWLTqOJGGL' AS'O5WUJ 1WW1333!flOIJ (90 Lq2) 9' 91 I!ff61 JU26Lf&; /AOOJ XIU - 0 33 COWb2' G1J29fIG '20 Ot.GLEtP!CG 26 r QLGnaqc fl""P"' -11S8 9' 00 BOOfr uc'pccq /LP!f 2 20 SJWW 31OLVL1 31158: BflL6 58' 00 CJO1JJ!IJ 34 43 YI1IJV' 3/1521 31 00 2W26b1fl6' 713 38 20 311% MOCJC64' r''v VJWCPGL 12' 00 JS!UGb YSIJI 0' 08 MWG1M B18O10C1Jm6CGwC' rT -jj93) 387 00 LWLOGTRIeJGfUlJU'q 'G1G1 b31 J1z1t33.U0J0 'e(' sS wG'Ow)5I71W7UWJO yJ(J24 G( G) B- )- - -- 1Fs' 08402 3Ot6'(' WIJGin oBnLIJ6-L' dcwq - 8r 2502 RCfGfIJV' G/IG14U ' 1o1jq\ UCIL! fIJ !JqtW bGrcjcGf ç boucir - j3' 2o2r HV DM8' \MD1 9JLG ia 00 JJJfLGUCJJ!JJE jpoj' JL\CtTLL!GL. 3' 80 8qJ& vMVEc o 20 B?.o1JGr u.\2GJpJMTLq j' O wqo VX\MSC 52 sc ss 2L011.2P0G' 'IUeIJG2!nIIJ c eo poq?. 7LWOL 2' bL016Cf!t$ 'JjV2$ E-3. Type Load WJ cdenbwnç io' 23 The loads shown below are type loads which could be worn during moderately cold weather (approxi- TAGO 649A—December 340-470 c63—68 1 c. Supplemental Existance Load. The following 0 10 are items of clothing not immediately needed by HDIJIoJU!xL CQJ.JGLgIc pi# /*.\ OtcIli{mLbcLOCO J --.- 0o• . 3 1o02 tThhee sien ditievmidsu alr e dnuorrimnga llmy ocdaerriaetdel yin cthoeld d uwffelaet hbearg. JJ,QIJ Ei1Jt4.(.I?. 0 I on unit transportation and should be available to the individual when needed: joD. I.0. Undershirt, 50/50 Io1vl J,!RpUR o1q. ' 02 Drawers, 50/50 Socks, Cushion Sole (3 pr) to3;. Trousers, Cotton Nylon, WR HncJtrcc' AIo1J D'1 OC-- - 2' 00 Shirt, Wool Nylon, OG LOnoRJe (OUJ mc O. mrctcpoqio Parka, Cotton Nylon po Luicjmicjc: D1J 2IcGbw (QnL) - . 00 Liner, Parka, Nylon Quilted c 2BJ0J' GCJ'LJt J1C0L7ncGJO! ;J!)n?nJL.0iJGoo J(gmJ3vIG .n29m.b.v0L c1yo!Ji1i6)LJc1.Ij)(Joub L5)rn;;q --- 020 0aO0f cPMhaILag-nLe-g 41e60Md80 i40ttAe,on (L pSrSeaeAt,ra )Aa)d.rg”c t r“i c a( pL h A W G - 6o a r . L I nu b l ri i n c e a n 1 t , “ S ( Le m O i W - F ) l u” i d i s , 1\ jçiioiJ . 1 J 2L0LJ!6/J.OGLI LJ!C1LJLOCrd!p -- .0 .0 1e02 'uuou JA°°1 - - - 0 .L0'J E!26UCO oq - a. s .L°I O pLj iq EtCUG6 JOF J By Order of the Secretary of the Army: W. C. WESTMORELAND, General, United States Army, Official: Chief Of Staff. KENNETH G. WICKHAM, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General. Distribution: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11 requirements for Basic Cold Weather Manual. TAGO 649A CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1. Purpose and Scope These include, among others, erecting and striking tents, performing maintenance, con- a. This manual is designed to prepare the structing roads, starting and warming engines, individual soldier and small unit commander movement of supplies, and hundreds of other to conduct military operations for extended small tasks that must be performed while periods of time under the most severe and wearing bulky cold weather clothing. varying cold weather climatic conditions. The doctrine and techniques in the manual are e. Insofar as possible illustrations used in applicable in any area that has cold weather this manual reflect Standard A items of cloth- and snow with their accompanying opera- ing and equipment. However, because of non- tional problems. Troops properly trained in availability of some items at time of publica- this doctrine and these techniques will be able tion, some illustrations show Standard B or C to fight; live; and move in any cold weather items of clothing (para 2-7). area of the world. f. Measurements in this manual to the ex- tent practicable, reflect both the Metric and b. The provisions of SOLOG Agreement 23R, U.S. systems; however, in some cases figures Arctic Doctrine are implemented in this will show only the U.S. system. For ease in manual. transposition, meters have been converted to c. The material contained herein empha- yards on a one for one basis. For more exact sizes that cold, with its attendant problems measurements use the conversions shown in affects military operations but does not pre- appendix H. vent them. The proper use of authorized equip- g. Users of this manual are encouraged to ment and field expedients will, to a major submit recommendations to improve its clarity degree, overcome any problems encountered as or accuracy, Comments should be keyed to the a result of the cold. It is the commander’s specific page, paragraph, and line of the text responsibility to train his men so they can in which the change is recommended. Reasons make the environment save military opera- should be provided for each comment to insure tions, not hinder them. The material presented understanding and complete evaluation. Com- herein is applicable, without modification to ments should be forwarded direct to Com- nuclear and nonnuclear warfare, employment manding General, United States Army, Alaska, of, and protection from, chemical, biological, APO Seattle 98749. Originators of proposed and radiological agents, and internal defense changes which would constitute a significant and development operations. modification of approved Army doctrine may d. Throughout this manual reference is send an information copy, through command made to the additional time required to con- channels, to the Commanding General, United duct various tasks in cold weather operations. States Army Combat Developments Command, This requirement cannot be overemphasized Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, to facilitate re- and must be included in all planning. In addi- view and followup. tion to the increased amount of time con- sumed in actual movement, allowance must be 1-2. Relation to Other Manuals made for other time consuming tasks that are This manual is prepared with the assump- not present in temperate zone operations. tion that normal individual and basic unit AGO 8641A 3 training have been completed. The manual beyond the treatment given in this manual on should be used in conjunction with the basic the operation and maintenance of equipment field manuals of the arms and services as well during cold weather operations. Appendix A as FM 31-71and FM 3l-72. Appropriate tech- contains a list of supplementary manuals and nical manuals contain detailed information references. AGO 8641A 4 CHAPTER 2 INDIVIDUAL CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT Section 1. GENERAL 2-1. Basis of Issue mal winter conditions, 65 to 70 pounds is the a. As used in this manual, individual cloth- maximum weight a man can normally wear ing and equipment are those items issued or and carry and still be effective on reaching his sold to a soldier for his personal use, and in- destination. clude certain organizational equipment utilized b. The weight of individual clothing and by the individual. The basis of issue of cold equipment is covered in appendix E. Com- weather clothing and equipment may be found manders should give particular attention to in TA 50-901. Mandatory items of personal additional organizational equipment required clothing are listed in AR 700–8400–1. for a given operation. Some of the more com- b. The U.S. Army, through continuous re- mon items are also listed in appendix E. Since search and development, endeavors to main- the individual soldier’s combat load in cold tain the best clothing and equipment in the weather operations exceeds that of a temperate world. When properly fitted and properly util- climate load by more than 20 pounds, these ized this clothing will provide adequate pro- organizational items (such as binoculars, com- tection from the elements and will enable passes, radios and batteries, pioneer tools, crew trained, well disciplined troops to carry out served weapons, etc. ) become major consider- year-round field operations under cold weather ations and must be included at all levels of conditions, wherever they may be encountered. planning. c. To utilize fully the protection afforded by c. In addition to the individual combat load, the present standard cold weather clothing and another 45 to 55 pounds of clothing and equip- equipment, it is necessary to understand the ment is required for the protection and com- principle involved and the correct function of fort of each individual under conditions of ex- treme cold. Transportation must be provided each item. This chapter covers basic principles and provides general guidance on the purpose for this additional load whenever possible. and use of cold weather clothing and equip- d. The commander must take positive action ment. to insure that a balance exists between what the individual is wearing and what he is 2-2. Commander's Responsibilities required to carry in the way of equipment. He a. Many factors will influence the command- must also insure that troops dress as lightly er’s decision as to what items of clothing and as possible consistent with the weather in equipment his troops should wear or carry. order to reduce the danger of excessive per- These include the weather, mission at hand, spiring and subsequent chilling. The complete actual duties to be performed, overall physical cold-wet or cold-dry uniform for the applica- condition of individuals and their degree of ble environmental conditions must be readily proficiency. If a movement is involved he must available. A large proportion. of cold weather consider the distance to be traveled, the casualties results from too few clothes being method of travel, and how the troops will be available to individuals when a severe change fed en route, if applicable. If the movement is in the weather occurs. Because of the differ- on foot, he must bear in mind that under nor- ences in individual metabolism, commanders AGO 8641A 5 must not be arbitrary in delineating strict muddy and slushy. During these periods troops uniform requirements, but must allow some should wear clothing which consists of a personal choice of undergarments. water-repellent, wind-resistant outer layer and inner layers with sufficient insulation to pro- 2-3. Cold Weather Conditions vide ample protection in moderately cold The use of cold weather clothing is affected weather (above 14°F.). by two types of weather conditions: wet and b. Dry Conditions. Cold-dry conditions occur dry. These conditions are amplified by humid- when average temperatures are lower than ity coupled with temperature and wind veloc- 14°F. The ground is usually frozen and snow ity; high humidity (wet conditions), low is usually dry, in the form of fine crystals. humidity (dry conditions). Strong winds cause low temperatures to seem a. Wet Conditions. Cold-wet conditions occur colder and increase the need for protection of when temperatures are near freezing and vari- the entire body (windchill) (fig. F-1). During ations in day and night temperatures cause these periods, troops should have available alternate freezing and thawing. This freezing additional insulating layers of clothing. This is and thawing is often accompanied by rain and particularly true when entering static situa- wet snow, causing the ground to become tions form a period of strenuous exercise. Section II. CLOTHING 2-4. Purpose of Clothing When heat loss exceeds heat production, the body uses up the heat stored in its tissues, caus- a. Protection of Body Against Climatic ing a rapid drop in body temperature. Exces- Factors. sive heat loss can result in shivering. Shivering (1) If the body is to operate efficiently, it uses body energy to produce heat which at must maintain a normal temperature. least partially offsets the heat loss and slows The body attempts to adjust itself to the rate at which the body temperature will the variable external conditions it drop. Shivering is an important warning to encounters. These attempts are evi- start action to rewarm, either by adding more denced by the need for more food to clothing, by exercising, by eating some food, produce additional heat during colder or by entering a warm shelter, or by any weather, by perspiration to increase combination of these actions. In freezing removal of heat during hot weather, temperatures it is as important to remove and and by the gradual darkening of the adjust clothing to prevent excessive overheat- skin as protection against extended ing as it is to add clothing to prevent heat exposure to the rays of the sun. loss. (2) Proper clothing, correctly worn, will assist the body in its adjustment to 2-5. Principles of Clothing Design extreme climatic conditions. The clothing does this by holding in the Certain principles are involved in the design body heat, thereby insulating the of adequate cold weather clothing to control body against the cold outside air. The the loss of heat from the body, to facilitate problem of protection becomes acute proper ventilation, and to protect the body. when freezing temperatures are in- a. Insulation. Any material that resists the volved. To understand this problem transmittance of heat is known as an insulating requires a knowledge of the methods material. Dry air is an excellent insulator. by which the body resists the effects Woolen cloth contains thousands of tiny pock- of climatic changes. ets within its fibers. These air pockets trap the b. Balancing Heat Production and Heat Loss. air warmed by the body and hold it close to the The body loses heat at variable rates. This heat skin. The principle of trapping air within the may flow from the body at a rate equal to or fibers or layers of clothing provides the most greater than the rate at which it is produced. efficient method of insulating the body against 6 AGO 8641A heat loss. Fur provides warmth in the same air. If this gives too much ventilation, only the way; warm, still air is trapped in the hair and neck of the garment should be opened to allow is kept close to the body. warm air to escape without permitting com- plete circulation. b. Layer Principle. (1) Several layers of medium-weight 2-6. Winter Use of Clothing clothing provide more warmth than a. Basic Principles of Keeping Warm. one heavy garment, even if the single (1) Keep clothing Clean. (2)Avoid Overheating. heavy garment is as thick as the (3)Wear Clothing Loose and in layers. combined layers. The effect results (4) Keep clothing Dry from the several thick layers of air (5) Remember C-O-L-D to keep warm which are trapped between the layers in winter. of clothing, rather than one or two layers of large volume. These layers, b. Application of Basic Principles. as well as the minute air pockets within the fibers, are warmed by the (1) Keep clothing clean. This is always body heat. true from a standpoint of sanitation (2) The layers of clothing are of different and comfort: in winter, in addition design. The winter underwear is most to these considerations, it is neces- porous and has many air pockets. sary for maximum warmth. If clothes These air pockets trap and hold the are matted with dirt and grease, air warmed by the body. To keep the much of their insulation property is cold outside air from reaching the destroyed; the air pockets in the still inside air that has been warmed clothes are crushed or filled up and by the body, the outer garments are the heat can escape from the body made of windproof, water-repellent more readily. Underwear requires the fabric. closest attention because it will be- (3) The layer principle allows maximum come soiled sooner. If available, light freedom of action and permits rapid adjustment of clothing through a cotton underwear may be worn be- wide range of temperatures and ac- neath winter underwear to absorb tivities. The addition or removal of body oils and lengthen the time inter- layers of clothing allows the body to val between necessary washings of maintain proper body heat balance. these more difficult to clean and dry garments. Winter underwear (Army c. Ventilation. Perspiration fills the air- issue is a 50/50 cotton/wool blend) spaces of the clothing with moisture laden air and cushion sole socks (Army issue and reduces their insulating qualities. As per- socks are 50 percent wool, 30 percent spiration evaporates, it cools the body just as water evaporating from a wet canteen cover nylon, 20 percent cotton) should be cools the water in the canteen. To combat these washed in lukewarm water, if avail- effects, cold weather clothing is designed so able. Hot water should not be used that the neck, waist, hip, sleeve, and ankle because it is injurious to the wool fastenings can be opened or closed to provide fibers and causes shrinkage. Syn- ventilation. To control the amount of circula- thetic detergents are more soluble tion, the body should be regarded as a house than soap in cool water and also pre- and the openings in the clothing as windows vent hard-water scum, and are there- of the house. Cool air enters next to the body fore recommended, if available. When through the openings in the clothing just as outer clothing gets dirty it should be cool air comes into a house when the windows washed with soap and water. All the are open. If the windows are opened at opposite soap or detergent must be rinsed out ends of a room, cross-draft ventilation results. of the clothes, since any left in the In the same way, if clothing is opened at the clothing will lessen the water-shed- waist and neck, there is a circulation of fresh ding quality of the clothing. In addi- tion to destroying much of the nor- AGO 8641A 7

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