arms control chronol arms control chronology - Carnegie

154 Pages·2002·0.47 MB·English

CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION, WINTER 2002
AAAAARRRRRMMMMMSSSSS CCCCCOOOOONNNNNTTTTTRRRRROOOOOLLLLL CCCCCHHHHHRRRRROOOOONNNNNOOOOOLLLLLOOOOOGGGGGYYYYY
Jack Mendelsohn (Editor)
David Grahame
Center for Defense Information
Winter 2002
ARMS CONTROL CHRONOLOGY
CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION, WINTER 2002
AAAAARRRRRMMMMMSSSSS CCCCCOOOOONNNNNTTTTTRRRRROOOOOLLLLL CCCCCHHHHHRRRRROOOOONNNNNOOOOOLLLLLOOOOOGGGGGYYYYY
Jack Mendelsohn (Editor)
David Grahame
Center for Defense Information
Winter 2002
ARMS CONTROL CHRONOLOGY
THE CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION
1779 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 615
Washington, DC 20036-2109
202.332.0600
www.cdi.org
CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION, WINTER 2002
TTTTTAAAAABBBBBLLLLLEEEEE OOOOOFFFFF CCCCCOOOOONNNNNTTTTTEEEEENNNNNTTTTTSSSSS
EDITOR(cid:146)S PREFACE p. iii
Jack Mendelsohn
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF CDI p. iv
Dr. Bruce G. Blair
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS p. vi
CHAPTER I Highlights of International Arms Control p. 1
CHAPTER II Nuclear Testing p. 5
CHAPTER III Strategic Nuclear Weapons and Policy p. 27
CHAPTER IV Intermediate and Short-range Nuclear Forces p. 45
CHAPTER V Nuclear and Missile Proliferation p. 61
CHAPTER VI Strategic and Theater Ballistic Missile Defense p. 83
CHAPTER VII Chemical and Biological Weapons p. 99
CHAPTER VIII Conventional Weapons p. 117
ON-LINE BIBLIOGRAPHY p. 137
i
ARMS CONTROL CHRONOLOGY
ii
CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION, WINTER 2002
EEEEEDDDDDIIIIITTTTTOOOOORRRRR(cid:146)(cid:146)(cid:146)(cid:146)(cid:146)SSSSS PPPPPRRRRREEEEEFFFFFAAAAACCCCCEEEEE
This Arms Control Chronology is based on a 1997 U.S. Government publication originally prepared by
Ms. Catherine R. Mendelsohn under contract to the United States Information Agency (USIA) but
never officially released in the United States. It was updated, expanded and revised by David Grahame,
a Cambridge University honors graduate in History, who interned at the Lawyers Alliance for World
Security (LAWS) during the summer of 2001. Scott Cantor, a Scoville Fellow, also worked on the
project in the spring of 2001.
While most of the editorial work was done while I was at LAWS, the text was prepared for publication
by Rachel Freedman of the Center for Defense Information (CDI) and published by CDI. Invaluable
source material was provided by the publications and websites of the Acronym Institute, the Arms
Control Association, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Center for Defense Infor-
mation, the Federation of American Scientists, the Monterey Institute of International Studies and the
Natural Resources Defense Council.
As with any document with a substantial amount of detail, this Arms Control Chronology is subject to
errors of fact and formatting. Any comments, corrections or criticisms are welcome and will be incor-
porated as appropriate in future editions.
Jack Mendelsohn
Senior Associate
Center for Defense Information
iii
ARMS CONTROL CHRONOLOGY
iv
CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION, WINTER 2002
MMMMMEEEEESSSSSSSSSSAAAAAGGGGGEEEEE FFFFFRRRRROOOOOMMMMM TTTTTHHHHHEEEEE PPPPPRRRRREEEEESSSSSIIIIIDDDDDEEEEENNNNNTTTTT
This Arms Control Chronology gathers together and organizes in one document the record of arms
control efforts undertaken since the beginning of the nuclear age. It is both a concise history and a
factual reference tool and, if it is found useful by readers, the Center for Defense Information (CDI)
will undertake to update it from time to time.
I would like to thank Jack Mendelsohn, a Senior Associate at CDI, and David Grahame, both working
at the Lawyers Alliance for World Security (LAWS) at the time, for their hard work compiling, revising
and editing this chronology. Rachel Freedman of CDI helped prepare it for publication.
I would like to acknowledge the generous support of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the
Ploughshares Fund in aiding the research and writing of this document. The Carnegie Corporation of
New York also supported the formatting and printing, along with the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
Foundation, through grants to CDI. Their assistance has made the preparation and publication of this
chronology possible. However, the selection of events, descriptions and analyses contained in this
Arms Control Chronology are those of the compilers. Neither the Carnegie Corporation of New York,
the Ploughshares Fund nor the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation are responsible for any
of the information or comments contained herein.
Dr. Bruce Blair
President
Center for Defense Information
v
ARMS CONTROL CHRONOLOGY
AAAAACCCCCRRRRROOOOONNNNNYYYYYMMMMMSSSSS AAAAANNNNNDDDDD AAAAABBBBBBBBBBRRRRREEEEEVVVVVIIIIIAAAAATTTTTIIIIIOOOOONNNNNSSSSS
ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile (Treaty) FMCT Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty
AHG Ad Hoc Group FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
ACDA U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament FSC Forum for Security Cooperation
Agency GCS global control system
ACV armored combat vehicle GEMI global exchange of military information
AFNFZ African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone GLCM ground-launched cruise missiles
ALBM air-launched ballistic missile GPALS global protection against limited strikes
ALCM air-launched cruise missile GPS global protection system
APC armored personnel carrier G-7 Group of Seven (Industrialized Nations)
APL anti-personnel landmine HEU highly-enriched uranium
ASAT anti-satellite weapon IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines
ATBM anti-tactical ballistic missile ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile
ATTU Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains (CFE ICJ International Court of Justice
Treaty) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
BJP Bharatiya Janata Party INF intermediate-range nuclear forces
BMD ballistic missile defense IOC initial operating capability
BMDO Ballistic Missile Defense Organization IRBM intermediate-range ballistic missile
BW biological warfare/weapons ISTC International Science and Technology
BWC Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Center
CAT Conventional Arms Transfer JCG Joint Consultative Group (CFE Treaty)
CBM confidence-building measure JCIC Joint Compliance and Inspection Commis-
CCW Convention on Certain Conventional sion (START I Treaty)
Weapons JVE joint verification experiment
CD United Nations Conference on Disarma- KEDO Korean Peninsula Energy Development Or-
ment in Geneva ganization
CDE Conference on Confidence- and Security- LEU low-enriched uranium
Building Measures and Disarmament in LRINF longer-range intermediate nuclear forces
Europe LTBT Limited Test Ban Treaty
CFE Conventional Armed Forces in Europe LWR light water-moderated nuclear power re-
(Treaty) actor
CFE 1A CFE Treaty Follow-On Agreement MBFR mutual and balanced force reductions
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States MCTL military critical technologies list
COCOM Coordinating Committee for Multilateral MINATOM Ministry of Atomic Energy
Export Controls MIRV multiple independently-targetable reentry
CORRTEX continuous reflectometry for radius versus vehicle
time experiments (nuclear testing) MOU memorandum of understanding
CSBM confidence- and security-building measure MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime
CSCE/OSCE Conference on (Organization for) Security NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
and Cooperation in Europe NGO non-governmental organization
CTBT Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty NIE National Intelligence Estimate
CW chemical warfare/weapons NIKIET Mendeleyev University of Chemical Tech-
CWC Chemical Weapons Convention nology and the Scientific Research and
DMA Dangerous Military Activities (Agreement) Design Institute of Power Technology
DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea NMD national missile defense
ECOWAS Economic Community of West Africa NNA Neutral and Non-aligned States
EKV exoatmospheric kill vehicle NNWS non-nuclear-weapon state
EPCI Enhanced Proliferation Control Insitute NPT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
EU European Union NRRC Nuclear Risk Reduction Center
vi