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arming aiming C Advance Praise for Without India’s doctrine of strategic restraint in place since Nehru. o arming aiming growing affluence has led experts to h Without In that context, its approach of arming without e arming aiming predict a major rearmament effort. The second-most Arming Aiming n Without strategic purpose remains viable as India seeks without / populous nation in the world is beginning to wield great-power accommodation of its rise and does D the economic power expected of such a behemoth. Its i n d i a ’ S m i l i t a r y m o d e r n i z a t i o n a not want to look threatening. The danger lies in s i n d i a ’ S m i l i t a r y m o d e r n i z a t i o n border with Pakistan is a tinderbox, the subcontinent “M g its modernization efforts precipitating a period of uch has been made of the emergence of India on the global stage. In u i n d i a ’ S m i l i t a r y m o d e r n i z a t i o n remains vulnerable to religious extremism, and a p strategic assertion or contributing to misperception Arming without Aiming, Cohen and Dasgupta provide an expert assessment t military rivalry between India and China could erupt a of what India’s rise means for its unevenly modernizing military, which is of India’s intentions by Pakistan and China, its two in the future. India has long had the motivation for destined to become the third largest in the world. Anyone with an interest most immediate rivals. A modernizing its military—it now has the resources in the growing rivalry between India and China, or in the impact that a as well. What should we expect to see in the future, stronger, although still extraordinarily outdated, Indian military will r mean for U.S.-India ties, should read this. This is an important book on an and what will be the likely ramifications? In Arming m important subject, which is likely to remain unparalleled for many years.” without Aiming, Stephen Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta —EDWARD LUCE, Washington bureau chief, Financial Times i answer those crucial questions. n India’s armed forces want new weapons worth “I g ndia’s rise to power will remain incomplete until it acquires, and more than $100 billion. But most of these weapons develops, the capacity to effectively utilize the full panoply of military must come from foreign suppliers due to the failures w ◆ ◆ ◆ power. Although India has made impressive strides in this direction in of India’s indigenous research and development. recent years, Stephen Cohen’s and Sunil Dasgupta’s Arming without Aiming i Stephen P. Cohen is a senior fellow in Foreign t Weapons suppliers from other nations are queuing demonstrates how much still needs to be done. This cautionary tale will be Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution. His required reading for all those concerned about Indian defense policy and h up in New Delhi. A long relationship between India is the author of numerous books, including The military modernization.”—ASHLEy J. TELLIS, Senior Associate, Carnegie o and Russian manufacturers goes back to the cold Idea of Pakistan and India: Emerging Power Endowment for International Peace u war. More recently, India and Israel have developed t (both with Brookings). strong military trade ties. Now, a new military “T he book is an empathetic, objective, and comprehensive narration A relationship with the United States has generated the Sunil Dasgupta is director of the University of and analysis of the evolution of Indian defense policy and management. greatest hope for military transformation in India. i Maryland-Baltimore County’s Political Science The Indian strategic establishment is groping to find ways and means m Against this backdrop of new affluence and of safeguarding its progress toward becoming a twenty-first-century Program at the Universities at Shady Grove, and newfound access to foreign military technology, i knowledge power in an international community still dominated by he is also a nonresident fellow in Foreign Policy n Cohen and Dasgupta investigate India’s military strategic thought from the World War II era. Steve Cohen and Sunil Studies at Brookings. He also spent five years as Dasgupta have brought into bold relief this somewhat inchoate and as yet g modernization to find haphazard military senior correspondent for India Today. not fully formulated effort. This will be a required reading for all senior change that lacks political direction, suffers from service officers, civil servants, politicians, and academics engaged in Indian balkanization of military organization and doctrine, security.”—K. SUBRAHMANyAM, Indian defense expert remains limited by narrow prospective planning, Cover art: detail from “Lifting an Elephant Single-Handed,” and is driven by the pursuit of technology free from the Hamzanama (c. 1557-72). Photograph © MAK/Georg Mayer. from military-strategic objectives. The character of Ownership: MAK-Austrian Museum of Applied Arts/ military change in India, especially the dysfunction Contemporary Art, Vienna, Austria BROOKINGS INSTITUTION PRESS S t e p h e n p. C o h e n a n d S u n i l d a S g u p ta in the political-military establishment with regard to Washington D.C. S t e p h e n p. C o h e n S u n i l d a S g u p ta Jacket design by Peggy Archambault www.brookings.edu S t e p h e n p. C o h e n aanndd S u n i l d a S g u p ta procurement, is ultimately the result of a historical Final_Brookings_India_Cohen.indd 1 7/31/10 7:53 PM Brookings_India_CohenDJ_Revised.indd 1 Final_Brookings_India_Cohen.indd 1 8/4/10 6:21 PM 8/5/10 6:24 PM Final_Brookings_India_Cohen.indd 1 7/31/10 7:53 PM arming aiming C Advance Praise for Without India’s doctrine of strategic restraint in place since Nehru. o arming aiming growing affluence has led experts to h Without In that context, its approach of arming without e arming aiming predict a major rearmament effort. The second-most Arming Aiming n Without strategic purpose remains viable as India seeks without / populous nation in the world is beginning to wield great-power accommodation of its rise and does D the economic power expected of such a behemoth. Its i n d i a ’ S m i l i t a r y m o d e r n i z a t i o n a not want to look threatening. The danger lies in s i n d i a ’ S m i l i t a r y m o d e r n i z a t i o n border with Pakistan is a tinderbox, the subcontinent “M g its modernization efforts precipitating a period of uch has been made of the emergence of India on the global stage. In u i n d i a ’ S m i l i t a r y m o d e r n i z a t i o n remains vulnerable to religious extremism, and a p strategic assertion or contributing to misperception Arming without Aiming, Cohen and Dasgupta provide an expert assessment t military rivalry between India and China could erupt a of what India’s rise means for its unevenly modernizing military, which is of India’s intentions by Pakistan and China, its two in the future. India has long had the motivation for destined to become the third largest in the world. Anyone with an interest most immediate rivals. A modernizing its military—it now has the resources in the growing rivalry between India and China, or in the impact that a as well. What should we expect to see in the future, stronger, although still extraordinarily outdated, Indian military will r mean for U.S.-India ties, should read this. This is an important book on an and what will be the likely ramifications? In Arming m important subject, which is likely to remain unparalleled for many years.” without Aiming, Stephen Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta —EDWARD LUCE, Washington bureau chief, Financial Times i answer those crucial questions. n India’s armed forces want new weapons worth “I g ndia’s rise to power will remain incomplete until it acquires, and more than $100 billion. But most of these weapons develops, the capacity to effectively utilize the full panoply of military must come from foreign suppliers due to the failures w ◆ ◆ ◆ power. Although India has made impressive strides in this direction in of India’s indigenous research and development. recent years, Stephen Cohen’s and Sunil Dasgupta’s Arming without Aiming i Stephen P. Cohen is a senior fellow in Foreign t Weapons suppliers from other nations are queuing demonstrates how much still needs to be done. This cautionary tale will be Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution. His required reading for all those concerned about Indian defense policy and h up in New Delhi. A long relationship between India is the author of numerous books, including The military modernization.”—ASHLEy J. TELLIS, Senior Associate, Carnegie o and Russian manufacturers goes back to the cold Idea of Pakistan and India: Emerging Power Endowment for International Peace u war. More recently, India and Israel have developed t (both with Brookings). strong military trade ties. Now, a new military “T he book is an empathetic, objective, and comprehensive narration A relationship with the United States has generated the Sunil Dasgupta is director of the University of and analysis of the evolution of Indian defense policy and management. greatest hope for military transformation in India. i Maryland-Baltimore County’s Political Science The Indian strategic establishment is groping to find ways and means m Against this backdrop of new affluence and of safeguarding its progress toward becoming a twenty-first-century Program at the Universities at Shady Grove, and newfound access to foreign military technology, i knowledge power in an international community still dominated by he is also a nonresident fellow in Foreign Policy n Cohen and Dasgupta investigate India’s military strategic thought from the World War II era. Steve Cohen and Sunil Studies at Brookings. He also spent five years as Dasgupta have brought into bold relief this somewhat inchoate and as yet g modernization to find haphazard military senior correspondent for India Today. not fully formulated effort. This will be a required reading for all senior change that lacks political direction, suffers from service officers, civil servants, politicians, and academics engaged in Indian balkanization of military organization and doctrine, security.”—K. SUBRAHMANyAM, Indian defense expert remains limited by narrow prospective planning, Cover art: detail from “Lifting an Elephant Single-Handed,” and is driven by the pursuit of technology free from the Hamzanama (c. 1557-72). Photograph © MAK/Georg Mayer. from military-strategic objectives. The character of Ownership: MAK-Austrian Museum of Applied Arts/ military change in India, especially the dysfunction Contemporary Art, Vienna, Austria BROOKINGS INSTITUTION PRESS S t e p h e n p. C o h e n a n d S u n i l d a S g u p ta in the political-military establishment with regard to Washington D.C. S t e p h e n p. C o h e n S u n i l d a S g u p ta Jacket design by Peggy Archambault www.brookings.edu S t e p h e n p. C o h e n aanndd S u n i l d a S g u p ta procurement, is ultimately the result of a historical Final_Brookings_India_Cohen.indd 1 7/31/10 7:53 PM Brookings_India_CohenDJ_Revised.indd 1 Final_Brookings_India_Cohen.indd 1 8/4/10 6:21 PM 8/5/10 6:24 PM Final_Brookings_India_Cohen.indd 1 7/31/10 7:53 PM arming without aiming 00-0402-7 fm.indd 1 7/12/10 4:55 PM 00-0402-7 fm.indd 2 7/12/10 4:55 PM arming without aiming india s military modernization ’ stephen p. cohen and sunil dasgupta brookings institution press Washington, D.C. 00-0402-7 fm.indd 3 7/12/10 4:55 PM Copyright © 2010 the brookings institution 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20036 www.brookings.edu All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Brookings Institution Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Cohen, Stephen P., 1936– Arming without aiming : India’s military modernization / Stephen P. Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “India, a leading importer of advanced conventional weaponry, has not planned strategically for its military needs, although the haphazard approach, due to competing elements within the military and a restraint policy in place since the Nehru era, may be the right one in seeking accommodation with others in the region”—Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-0-8157-0402-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. India—Armed Forces—Weapons systems. 2. India—Armed Forces— Operational readiness. 3. India—Defenses. 4. India—Military policy. I. Dasgupta, Sunil. II. Title. UA840.C628 2010 355.80954—dc22 2010024055 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed on acid-free paper Typeset in Minion Composition by Cynthia Stock Silver Spring, Maryland Printed by R. R. Donnelley Harrisonburg, Virginia 00-0402-7 fm.indd 4 7/12/10 4:55 PM To Pabitra Kumar Dasgupta who has walked long and far from his childhood in the mica mining outpost of Koderma in pre-independence Bihar 00-0402-7 fm.indd 5 7/12/10 4:55 PM 00-0402-7 fm.indd 6 7/12/10 4:55 PM Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xv 1 Restraint and Affluence 1 2 Struggling with Reform 29 3 Army Modernization 53 4 Air and Naval Modernization 71 5 The Reluctant Nuclear Power 97 6 Police Modernization 123 7 Fighting Change 143 8 America and Indian Rearmament 164 Notes 187 Index 213 vii 00-0402-7 fm.indd 7 7/12/10 4:55 PM 00-0402-7 fm.indd 8 7/12/10 4:55 PM
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