Armed Communist Movements in SE Asia PDF
Preview Armed Communist Movements in SE Asia
Issues in Southeast Asian Security ARMED COMMUNIST MOVEMENTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA INSTITUTE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES Hong Mui Kong Terrace, Singapore 0511 as Established an autonomous organisation by an Act of Parliament Bt" the Republic of Singapore in May . the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies is a regional re- search centre for scholars and other specialists concerned with modern Southeast Asia. The Institute's research interest is focused on the many-faceted problems of development and social change in Southeast Asia. The Institute is governed by a twenty-two member Board of Trustees comprising representatives from the National University of Singapore, appointees from the government, as well as representatives from a broad range of professional and civic anisations and groups. A ten-man Executive Committee &versees day-to-day operations, it is chaired by the Director, the Institute's chief academic and administrat- ive officer. Armed Communist Movements in Southeast J _. Edited by LIM JOO-JOCK m VAN! S. Issued under the auspices of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Gower © 1984 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore First published 1984 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ansmitted in any form or by any means, electronic; mechanical, photocopying, recording or other- wise, without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Published by Gower Publishing Company Limited Gower House Croft Road Aldershot Hampshire GUI 1 3HR England British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Armed Communist movements in Southeast Asia -(Issues in Southeast Asian Security) 1. Communism-Asia 2. Asia, Southeastern-Politics I. Lim, Joo-Jock II. Vani, S. III. Series 322.4'2'0959 DS518.1 ISBN 0 566 00698 7 Contents Foreword vii Ker rial S. Sandhog Introduction xi Lim Joo-Jock with Vani S. PART I INDONESIA I Armed communism in Indonesia: Its history and future 3 Dorodj stun Kuntjoro-Jakti Phoenix supine: The Indonesian Communist Party and armed struggle 29 Donald E. Weatherbee - Comments 46 PART II MALAYSIA 49 Violence at the periphery: A brief survey of armed communism in Malaysia S1 Zacharia Hajj Ahmad and Zacharia Hamid Comments 66 V _ PART III PHILIPPINES 69 Rectification process in the Philippine communist movement 71 Francisco Nemenzo Comments 102 PART IV SINGAPORE 107 The communist open united front in Singapore, 1954-66 109 Lee Ting Hui Comments 128 v PART THAILAND 131 The revolutionary strategy of the Communist Party of Thailand: Change and persistence 133 Kanok Wongtrangan Comments 183 CONCLUDING COMMENTS 187 Chandran Jeshurun Index 199 to Foreword The well-being of Southeast Asia is inextricably linked with the chang- mg forces and circumstances determining regional and international ' politics and security. The Great Power interests and the various 'checks and balances' that govern overall international security, as well as the factors that affect regional stability, are even at the best of times in a state of flux, if not actually ridden with uncertainty. Analysis of such developments has largely been either on a global basis, and undertaken primarily outside the region, or limited to localised, national, operational research carried out by government ministries and associated organisations. Yet at a time when security considera- tions -- not merely of a military nature - in the Southeast Asian region are becoming more pressing than ever, much of the expertise . on security issues is located in the developed world It was considered, therefore, that there was an urgent need (1) to supplement global concepts and methods of analysis with a closer understanding of the actual realities in the region; (2) to ensure that much of this is done in the region and with as much input as possible by Southeast Asians themselves, thereby leading to the creation of a body of expertise on security issues resident in the region, and (3) to ensure that, in terms of Southeast Asian participation, there would be greater involvement of the different strands of Southeast Asian opinion and expertise, including not only government and military personnel, ,ac the academic community, mass media and, as ' " opportunity aarises, the business and commercial sectors. The eventual objective is to encourage, in the region, constant study and vii monitoring of the various security issues and developments affecting the area, as well as to educate the general public about security issues through discussions/seminars and publications. Accordingly, a group of Southeast `Asians came together to design and establish a Regional Strategic Studies Programme (RSSP) to be based at the Institute under the overall charge of its Director, Professor K.S. Sandhu, with Dr Chai-Anan Samudavanija of Chulalongkorn University as the Programme Planner, Mr Lim Joo-Jock of ISEAS as Programme Co-ordinator, and Miss Vani Shanmugaratnarn as Pro- gramme Research Associate. It was generally agreed that the initial focus of the Programme should, though not exclusively, be the socio- economic issues affecting regional security with particular reference to the internal sources of instability in the various Southeast Asian coun- tries. The selection of the first group of core areas for investigation under the Programme included the changing strategies and tactics of armed Marxist-Leninist and other (for example, separatist) movements in Southeast Asia; religious militancy and fundamentalism in the region, the "coup" as a recurrent feature in Southeast Asia, and ethnic minority tensions and demands in the region. It was platted, J the cluster of issues relating to each core area should be covered in a series of specific projects and studied as distinct phases, or projects, of the Programme. These projects would be spread over a period of time and would cover the nature, bases, emergence and persistence of the various phenomena in each core area. The underlying assumption in all this research is that regional security cannot be attained until regional and national instability is eradicated. The first phase of the Programme concerned the nature and bases of revolutionary, radical resistance, separatist and Mar1dst~Leninist movements in Southeast Asia and their implications for regional security. The first project in this phase involved research into the problem of armed communism in non-communist Southeast Asia. It focused on the issues underlying Communist Party grievances, its political platforms, changes in strategies and tactics, change, if any, in ideo- logical stance, attitudes towards foreign communist parties, and so forth. The drafts of the papers were completed in November and presented at a workshop in Singapore on 17-19 November 1982. The papers stimulated considerable interest and discussion among the participants, who included academics as well as professionals from relevant government and related organisations. It is these papers and the brief summaries of the main discussion centred around each of them, together with the concluding comments that form the basis of this volume, the inaugural number of the Programme's new annual series, Issues in Southeast Asian Security. viii The second project focuses on the endemic problem of violent separatist movements in Southeast Asia, and it.is now under prepara- tion. While not neglecting the link with ideology, it will examine the following factors in some detail: ethnicity, language, religion, the economic basis for dissent, including all the implications of develop- ment, and external involvement, in particular the legacy of colonialism and the Japanese Occupation. For this purpose a series of papers by researchers from both within and outside the region will be discussed M workshop scheduled for December 1983. As in the case of the Workshop on Armed Communism in Southeast Asia, those presenting papers will be joined by academics and government officials in order that a more thorough discussion and interaction can take place. All the papers will be edited and published as the second number in the . series, Issues in Southeast Asian Security The regional Strategic Studies Programme has benefited immensely from the co-operation it has received from colleagues within and outside the region, and from the financial support provided by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, in the form of two separate but linked grants of US$50,000 and USS30,000 respectively, for a period of eighteen months each. These grants are currently being reviewed both for a possible time extension and for a significant increase in the funding involved. The Institute in the meantime would like to record its appreciation of all the assistance and support received to date, and to express the wish that the various numbers of Issues in Southeast Asian Security will circulate widely amongst all concerned with problems of stability and security in the region. Responsibility for facts and opinions expressed in the work that follows rests ex- clusively with the individual authors, and their interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of .the Institute or its supporters. May 1983 Ker rial S. Sandhu Director Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ix
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