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Arithmetic and Algebra Again PDF

415 Pages·2012·2.47 MB·English
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2446-00_FM.qxd 11/23/04 17:21 Page ii 2446-00_FM.qxd 11/23/04 17:21 Page i ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA . . .AGAIN 2446-00_FM.qxd 11/23/04 17:21 Page ii This page intentionally left blank. 2446-00_FM.qxd 11/23/04 17:21 Page iii ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA . . .AGAIN Second Edition Brita Immergut Jean Burr Smith McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto 2446-00_FM.qxd 11/23/04 17:21 Page ii Copyright © 2005 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-146946-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-143533-6. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw- Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw- Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw- Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/007146946X 2446-00_FM.qxd 11/23/04 17:21 Page ii ������������ Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. 2446-00_FM.qxd 11/23/04 17:21 Page v PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION It is now ten years since the publication of Arithmetic and Algebra ...Again. My coauthor Jean Burr Smith passed away four years ago and so the task of preparing the second edition of this book has fallen on me. Jean was a wonderful person to work with. I miss her greatly and I am dedicating the new book to her. In the new edition, I have included at the beginning a section entitled “Tips for Parents and Tutors,” because, in addition to its use as a college text in classes, this book will also be used in the home by students who need help with their math home- work or those who need tutoring to improve their understanding and knowledge of arithmetic and algebra and to help prepare them for tests. In general, examples and problems in the new edition have been updated to reflect current conditions, such as prices, interest rates, and other items that have undergone change. The use of calculators has become widespread and, therefore, I have included calculations with calculators in several chapters. There is also a new chapter devoted to calculators at the end of the book to show what calculators can do and what they cannot do. Part Three: Practical Mathematics has been reorganized and expanded. Chap- ter 10 on applications contains much new material and there are two new chapters: 13 and 14. Chapter 13 is about probability and odds and also contains a section on sets. Chapter 14 introduces different types of calculators and shows how to use them to solve different kinds of problems. It is my hope that this new edition will satisfy the need of many students, young and old, to feel more comfortable in their mathematics classes or at their jobs when called upon to solve problems that require a basic knowledge of arithmetic and algebra. Brita Immergut April 30, 2004 v Copyright © 2005 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 2446-00_FM.qxd 11/23/04 17:21 Page vi This page intentionally left blank. 2446-00_FM.qxd 11/23/04 17:21 Page vii TO THE INSTRUCTOR This arithmetic and beginning algebra text is written for students and anybody else whose experience with mathematics has been one of frustration but whose need for it in the working or the academic world has been constantly increasing. It is designed to help these nontraditional students gain confidence in their abil- ity to cope with mathematics and to learn or relearn the basics of arithmetic and algebra necessary for success in their jobs or in other areas of study. Students who master this material will be ready to take a more rigorous algebra course or a college-level math course. Although the book’s primary audience is the student in a one-semester com- munity or four-year college developmental course that covers the fundamental operations of arithmetic and elementary algebra, it can also be used for in-house courses and for teacher training. Part of the book is also suitable as a review course for high school students. The order in which the topics are presented is life-experience oriented. Thus, integers, decimals, and percents are presented before fractions. This is a more ap- propriate order of presentation than one designed for elementary school students since adults can draw on their shopping, banking, and other real-world experi- ences. In working with nontraditional students, we have found that starting with material that is new to them, such as integers, is more successful than starting with material that has been troublesome, such as fractions. The book covers operations with whole numbers, integers, decimals, fractions, percents, and the application of these skills in problem solving. Basic operations in algebra, solutions of first-degree equations, and graphing are included. The last chapters deal with banking problems, statistics, probability, and calculators. In general, the problems are geared to the adult’s interests and day-to-day concerns. We have also included some problems from nineteenth century math books. Our students find them amusing and far removed from the grade-school variety they may associate with their earlier difficulties. Since most adults use calculators at work, we encourage them to use calcula- tors for problem solving but expect them to approximate their answers first. By showing students several ways of getting the answer (paper and pencil, calcula- tor, and estimation), we feel that they will become more comfortable with math and that their math anxiety will gradually disappear. Definitions and rules are highlighted throughout the text. At the end of each chapter is a Summary with Vocabulary and Review Problems, a Check List to help students determine whether they have mastered all topics in the chapter, and a Readiness Check to indicate their readiness to go on to new material. Answers to all the exercises and the Readiness Checks will be found at the end of the book. vii Copyright © 2005 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 2446-00_FM.qxd 11/23/04 17:21 Page viii This page intentionally left blank.

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McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee book will also be used in the home by students who need help with their math home- (c) If the average lifespan for a woman is 78, how many cans would a woman.
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