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Aristotle's Modal Syllogistic PDF

381 Pages·2013·3.69 MB·English
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Aristotle’s Modal Syllogistic Aristotle’s Modal Syllogistic Marko Malink HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,Massachusetts&London,England 2013 Copyright(cid:2)c 2013bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Malink,Marko,1980– Aristotle’smodalsyllogistic/MarkoMalink. pagescm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-674-72454-9(alk.paper) 1. Aristotle. 2. Logic,Ancient. 3. Modality(Logic) 4. Syllogism. 5. Predicate(Logic) 6. Aristotle.Prioranalytics. I. Title. B491.L8M352013 160.92—dc23 2012049482 To the memory of my brother, Jurij Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations of Aristotle’s Works xi Introduction 1 I. The Assertoric Syllogistic 19 1 Categorical Propositions 23 2 The dictum de omni 34 3 The Orthodox dictum Semantics 45 4 The Heterodox dictum Semantics 63 5 The Preorder Semantics 73 6 Ecthesis 86 II. The Apodeictic Syllogistic 103 7 The Apodeictic dictum de omni 107 8 Barbara NXN and the Four Predicables 114 9 Categories in the Topics 134 10 Essence Terms and Substance Terms 152 11 Universal Negative Necessity Propositions 168 12 Particular Necessity Propositions 177 viii Contents III. The Problematic Syllogistic 191 13 Modal Opposition 195 14 Establishing Inconcludence 211 15 A Deductive System for the Modal Syllogistic 223 16 The Validity of XQM-Moods 232 17 Two-Sided Possibility Propositions 248 18 One-Sided Possibility Propositions 261 AppendixA: Aristotle’s Claims of Validity, Invalidity, and Inconcludence 273 AppendixB: The Predicable Semantics of the Modal Syllogistic 286 An Overview of the Predicable Semantics 286 Preliminaries 289 Valid Moods 295 Invalid Moods 304 Inconcludent Premise Pairs 313 Miscellany 322 AppendixC: Aristotle’s Terms 326 Bibliography 337 Index of Names 349 Index of Passages 353 Index of Subjects 361 Acknowledgments In the course of writing this book, I have incurred many debts, both in- tellectualandpersonal.Theprojectoriginatedinmymaster’sstudiesat the University of Leipzig and evolved during my doctoral and postdoc- toral work at Humboldt University of Berlin. I am especially indebted to my supervisor, Christof Rapp, for his invaluable guidance and sup- port. Without him, it is unlikely that I would have written this book. He and my fellow graduate students created an ideal environment for studyingAristotle at Humboldt University. It was an exhilarating expe- rience. During most of that time, my work was supported by funding from the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes. I was also very fortunate to work with Paolo Crivelli and Benjamin Morison at Oxford in 2005–6. They read several drafts of parts of my dissertation, and their comments did much to help shape my views. Moreover,IbenefitedfromastimulatingseminartheygaveonAristotle’s assertoric syllogistic in the same year. Ben and Paolo taught me, each in his own way, how to approach Aristotle’s logic. IamgratefultoAlanCode,whokindlyhostedmeatRutgersUniver- sity during a sabbatical semester in 2008–9 (funded by the Berlin Topoi cluster). This helped me turn the dissertation into a book manuscript. PartsofthemanuscriptwerepresentedinagraduateseminarIco-taught with Jonathan Beere in Berlin. I thank Jonathan and the participants inthatseminarformuchinterestingdiscussion. Ihavealsolearnedfrom conversations with the ancient philosophers from the Topoi community. More recently, I am grateful to my colleagues and students at the Uni- versity of Chicago for the supportive and invigorating community they help to create. Papersbasedondraftsofpartsofthisbookhavebeenpresentedtoau- diencesatBerkeley,Berlin,Bloomington,Chicago,Harvard,Milwaukee, ix

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Aristotle was the founder not only of logic but also of modal logic. In the Prior Analytics he developed a complex system of modal syllogistic which, while influential, has been disputed since antiquity—and is today widely regarded as incoherent. In this meticulously argued new study, Marko Malink
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