Aristotle: Movement and the Structure of Being Author: Mark Sentesy Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2926 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2012 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Department of Philosophy ARISTOTLE: MOVEMENT AND THE STRUCTURE OF BEING a dissertation by MARK SENTESY submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2012 © copyright by MARK SENTESY 2012 Aristotle: Movement and the Structure of Being Mark Sentesy Abstract: This project sets out to answer the following question: what does movement contribute to or change about being according to Aristotle? The first part works through the argument for the existence of movement in the Physics. This argument includes distinctive innovations in the structure of being, notably the simultaneous unity and manyness of being: while material and form are one thing, they are two in being. This makes it possible for Aristotle to argue that movement is not intrinsically related to what is not: what comes to be does not emerge from non‐being, it comes from something that is in a different sense. The second part turns to the Metaphysics to show that and how the lineage of potency and activity the inquiry into movement. A central problem is that activity or actuality, energeia, does not at first seem to be intrinsically related to a completeness or end, telos. With the unity of different senses of being at stake, Aristotle establishes that it is by showing that activity or actuality is movement most of all, and that movement has and is a complete end. Thus, it is movement that leads Aristotle to conclude that substance and form are energeia, and that unity of being is possible. Aristotle: Movement and the Structure of Being Mark Sentesy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. V PART ONE ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 I. Method ..................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter Two: Synopsis of This Work ................................................................................. 8 I. Part One .................................................................................................................... 8 II. Part Two ................................................................................................................... 9 III. Part Three ............................................................................................................... 11 Chapter Three: The Compatibility of Dunamis and Energeia ......................................... 14 I. Potency and Being‐at‐work Are Both Different and the Same ....................... 15 II. The Opposition Hypothesis................................................................................. 17 III. The Actualization Hypothesis ............................................................................. 18 IV. The Privation Hypothesis .................................................................................... 20 V. The Relation Hypothesis ...................................................................................... 28 VI. The ‘Ways of Being’ or Modal Hypothesis........................................................ 29 VII. Refutation of the Hypothesis of Incompatibility .............................................. 34 VIII. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 37 PART TWO ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter One: Inquiry In and Through Movement ......................................................... 39 I. Preliminary Remarks ............................................................................................ 39 II. Two Interpretive Difficulties ............................................................................... 42 III. The Method of Inquiry ......................................................................................... 47 IV. Hermeneutical Advantages of This Approach ................................................. 50 Chapter Two: Ways of Conceiving of Movement that are Absent from Aristotle ..... 53 I. The Homogeneity of Motion ............................................................................... 53 II. Space and Time ..................................................................................................... 54 III. Impulse ................................................................................................................... 56 IV. Relation ................................................................................................................... 59 V. Sameness and difference ...................................................................................... 60 VI. Negation and non‐being ...................................................................................... 61 Chapter Three: Preliminary Remarks on the Problem of the Being of Movement .... 63 I. The Ambiguity of the Distinction Between Physics and Metaphysics .......... 65 II. The Stakes of Aristotle’s Investigation of Movement ...................................... 67 III. Why Movement is not a First Principle of Physics .......................................... 70 Chapter Four: The Elements of the Description of Movement ..................................... 74 I. The Framework of the Question of Movement ................................................ 75 II. The Method of Proof ............................................................................................. 76 III. The Argument Against Parmenides: Movement and the Determinacy of Being ....................................................................................................................... 78 IV. The Descriptive Argument for the Composite Character of Movement and Being ....................................................................................................................... 82 V. Composite Being and the Underlying Thing .................................................... 90 VI. The Relationship Between Movement and Being in the Descriptive Argument ............................................................................................................. 101 Chapter Five: The Culmination of the Argument for the Existence of Movement .. 105 I. The Role of Physics II ......................................................................................... 105 II. The Preamble to the Definition of Movement: Categorical Logos ............... 106 III. Overview of the Passages Defining Movement ............................................. 111 IV. Movement involving several beings (201a9‐201a27) ..................................... 116 V. The ‘As’ Clause: The relationship between potency and the underlying thing ............................................................................................................................... 120 VI. The Proof: Movement occurs only when there is entelekheia ........................ 126 VII. General remarks on the words of the definition ............................................ 137 ii PART THREE ................................................................................................................................ 141 Chapter One: From the Question of Being to Potency and Being‐at‐work ............... 141 I. Outline of Part Three .......................................................................................... 141 II. Diverse Senses of Being ...................................................................................... 142 III. Problems of Categorical Being in Metaphysics Book VII .............................. 144 IV. The Problem of Composition ............................................................................ 147 V. Composition and the Inquiry into Potency and Being‐at‐work ................... 148 VI. Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................... 152 Chapter Two: Is There a Distinction between Energeia and Kinēsis? .......................... 155 I. Scholarly Debate about the Passage ................................................................. 157 II. The Manuscript ................................................................................................... 159 III. The Possibility of Other Authors ...................................................................... 162 IV. The Uniqueness of the Passage ......................................................................... 165 Chapter Three: Completeness .......................................................................................... 169 I. The Question of Incompleteness in the Passage ............................................. 170 II. Being‐at‐work and Incompleteness .................................................................. 171 III. Movement and Incompleteness ........................................................................ 173 IV. Complete Potency ............................................................................................... 175 V. Typology .............................................................................................................. 176 VI. Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................... 178 Chapter Four: On The Many Senses of Potency According to Aristotle ................... 180 I. Existing Accounts of Potency ............................................................................ 180 II. The Investigation of Potency in Metaphysics IX ............................................ 181 III. The Senses of Potency ........................................................................................ 183 IV. The Capacity for Opposites ............................................................................... 188 V. The Unity of Potencies ....................................................................................... 191 VI. Potency To Be Unaffected .................................................................................. 194 VII. The Spontaneity of Potency ............................................................................... 195 VIII. Potency as Being ................................................................................................. 200 iii IX. The Extension of Potency to Other Things ...................................................... 202 X. Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................... 207 Chapter Five: The Task of Understanding Energeia ...................................................... 211 I. Being‐at‐Work as the Solution to the Problem of Completion ..................... 211 II. Why Being‐at‐Work Appears To Be Incompatible With Completion ......... 212 Chapter Six: The Words Energeia and Entelekheia .................................................... 215 I. Energeia ................................................................................................................ 217 II. Entelekheia ........................................................................................................... 219 Chapter Seven: Movement, Energeia, and Thinghood .................................................. 227 I. The Priority of Being‐at‐Work Over Potency .................................................. 227 II. The Ordered Natural Whole and Being‐at‐work ........................................... 228 III. The Problem with Being‐at‐work ..................................................................... 232 IV. Being For The Sake Of Something .................................................................... 233 V. Form and Movement .......................................................................................... 237 VI. The Refutation of the Dispersive Concept of Movement .............................. 240 VII. Completion Being‐at‐work ................................................................................ 242 Chapter Eight: Epilogue .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................ 251 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank Fr. Arthur Madigan and David Roochnik for accepting the task of correcting and improving my work, and I am indebted to all of those who planted its seeds and supported me in cultivating them, especially John Sallis, William Wians, and Rudolf Bernet. I am indebted to you and to others, whose questions and advice have guided me; to you, whose examples of limpid prose, rigorous passion, and intellectual courage have inspired me to follow in my own fumbling way; to those who stayed up late to discuss ideas like these, for the beauty of understanding, and for friendship, especially Jon Burmeister, Erin Stackle, and Will Britt, and others too many to say; to those who did not follow these ideas, to whom my thoughts, and I myself, remained partly inaccessible while I was working on them, but who loved me all the same; to Maureen especially. I cannot repay you, nor would you wish me to. I follow you and devote this work to you. PART ONE Chapter One: Introduction The question of being since Parmenides has been asked principally on the site of unity and multiplicity. The marvel that unity exists at all amid the many overlapping forms of multiplicity of the world has as its complement the marvel that there is multiplicity at all when all things are one and a single event. We can articulate the same living body into organs and limbs, into colors, into relationships and habits, into biological systems, each configuration traversing the body differently, and relating it differently with the surrounding world. At the same time, the body and things vary as a whole: the sound of a thunderclap passes through my body, my footstep leaves a print in the moss, and the moss leaves its texture on my foot, the air that whirls and lifts around me is connected without gaps to the sea storm brewing offshore across the world, the shadow of the Earth passes over the face of Mars and its weather system changes. Being is full, a long, single event. The genetic problem of the unity of being can be expressed as follows: multiplicity implies unity, and unity implies multiplicity. On the one hand, as soon as there is unity, it is possible to count the multiple that has been unified—two arms, ten fingers, two ears. The whole of which they are parts gives us a way to articulate them. But without the whole body they are not multiple parts, they are dust and earth. If they are knowable, multiples cannot not exist on their own, for to be multiples they must be divided up into unities: this, this, this. Multiplicity cannot be separated from unity. On the other hand, as soon as there is unity, and it is possible to say or know that there is unity, the word, the saying, the knowing will be different from the unity itself. One gives rise to two, which gives rise to three, which gives rise to the ten thousand things. Thus unity generates multiplicity. If there is unity but it is impossible to grasp, then immediately ontology or metaphysics is impossible, for being will remain forever beyond understanding, and as we cannot say that ‘there is’ unity, both unity and multiplicity collapse. Then we could neither say there are things—multiple unities—nor could we say there is pure flux—a single multiplicity.
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