ARISTOTLE AND THE EARLIER PERIPATETICS

520 Pages·1897·13.426 MB·English

by  Eduard Zeller, B.F.C.Costelloe

ARISTOTLE
AND
THE EAELIEE PERIPATETICS
BEING A TBANSLATION FBOM
ZELLEB'S 'PHILOSOPHY OF THE GREEKS'
BY
B. F. C. COSTELLOE, M.A.
AND
MUIRHEAD,
J. H. M.A.
IN TWO VOLUMES-VOL. II.
LONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON V ^"~
NEW YORK AND BOJilBAY .'v ., ^•-
1897 f]^t - <-
All rights reserved ' * .'^ -. 1 K.j ^^^
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hl6^(,1%
»4i-M,
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——
;
CONTENTS
OF
THE 8EC0ND VOLUME
CHAPTER X
PHYSICS continued
C. Living Creatures
The Soul, 1. Itsrelationtothe Body, 4. The Bodyas an Organic
Wholerelatedto the Soul asMeans to End, 10. Stages ofAni-
mate Existence,21. The Evolution of Organic Life and the
Lawof Analogy, 24. Indications of life in InorganicNature
Historyofthe EarthandMankind,29.
Plants,33.
Animals,37, TheirBodiesandthehomogeneousmaterialsofwhich
theyconsist, 38. Organs and their Functions, 41. Generation
anddifferenceof Sex,48. Sensation, 58. TheFive Senses, 62.
Sensiis Communis, 68. Memoryand Imagination, 70. Pleasure
and Pain, 75. Sleep andWaking, 75. Dreams, 76. Death, 77.
Scaleof Valuein animalcreation, 78. Classificationof animal
Species, 80.
CHAPTER XI
PHYSICS continued
Man
TheHumanBody, 90. Soul and Reason, 92. Active and Passive
Reason, 97. Immediate and mediate exercise of Reason, 105.
Desire andVolition, 108. Practical Reason and RationalWill,
112. Free Will,Voluntariness,Intention, 114. Thequestionof
the Unity ofthelife of the Soul, 119. The Birth of the Soul,
120. The UnionofthePartsoftheSoul,123. The Immortality
ofthe Soul, 129. Personality, 134.
—
vi ARISTOTLE
CHAPTER XII
PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
A. Ethics
TheEndofHumanActivity: Happiness,138. Theessentialelements
ofHappiness,140. External Goods, 144. Pleasure, 146. Value
ofPleasure, 148.
MoralVirtue, 153. Virtue as a Quality of theWiUdistinguished
from Natural Impulses, 155. Intellectual Insight, 157. The
Origin ofVirtue, 160. The Consentof the virtuous Will: the
Proper Mean, 161. The Virtues, 163. Courage,Self-control,&c.,
167. .Justice, 170. Distributive and Corrective Justice, 171.
Complete and Incomplete,Naturaland LegalRight; otherdis-
tinctions, 175. The Intellectual Virtues: Insight, 177. The
rightrelationtothePassions, 188.
Friendship: its moral Import, 191. Nature and Kindsof Friend-
ship, 193. Furtherdiscussions, 198.
CHAPTER XIII
PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY continued
B. Politics
Nece2s0s3i.ty,EtNhaitcuarle,imapnodrtFuonfctthieonSstaotfe,th2e07.StatAei;mAorfistthoteleS'tsateP,ol2i0ti8c.s,
The Householdaselement in the State, 213. Husband andWife,
214. Parentsand Children, 215. Masterand Slave, 216. Pro-
duction and Possession, 220. Against Common Property in
Wives, Children,andGoods,220.
The State and the Citizen, 222. Differences amongcitizens, 229.
Theirpoliticalimportance, 239.
Formsof Constitution, 233. Comparative Value andJustification
ofleadingforms,244. MonarchyandRepublic, 249.
The Best State,258. Its natural conditions and economic basis,
258. Trainingof the Citizen, 261. Birth and Education, 262!
Music, 266. Unfinished state of this part of the Politics in
reference to Intellectual Training,Punishment,&c., 269. The
Constitution, 272.
Imperfect Forms, 274. Democracy, 274. Oligarchy, 277. Aristo-
cracy and Polity, 278. Tyranny, 282. The distribution of
PoliticalPower, Changesinthe Constitution, &c,, 283.
CHAPTER XIV
RHETORIC
Problem of the Rhetone, 289. Kinds of Proof, 298. Demonstra-
tion, 294. Different species of Demonstration appropriateto
CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME
vii
different Kindsof Discourse,295. Bemaining forms of Proof,
296. StyleandArrangement, 297.
CHAPTEE XV
THEORY OF FINE AET
Beauty, 301. Artas Imitation,303. Theeffectof Art: Catharsis,
307. TheArts,318. Tragedy, 320.
CHAPTEE XVI
RELIGIOUS ASPECT OP ARISTOTLE'S PHILOSOPHY
Aristotle's attitude to Eeligiou, 325. His Theology, 327. Signifi-
canceand OriginofPopularEeKgion,330.
CHAPTEE XVII
RETROSPECT
Aristotle's point of view, 336. Development of the System, 33S.
Gaps and Contradictions, 343. Tendency of the Peripatetic
v,School, 346
CHAPTEE XVIII
THE PERIPATETIC SCHOOL THEOPHRASTUS
:
HisLife, 348. Writings, 351. Standpoint, 355. Logic, 358. Meta-
physics: Aporise, 364. Theology, 369. Physics: Nature in
general; Inorganic Nature, 373. Structure and history of the
World, 379. Botanical Theory, 381. NatureofVegetable life,
383. PartsofPlants,384. OriginofPlants,385. Classification,
388. Zoology, 389. Anthropology: the Soulas cause of move-
ment, 390. Eeason,Activeand Passive,392. Higherandlower
partsof the Soul, 395. The Senses, 396. The Freedom of the
Will, 899. Ethics, 399. Happiness, 402. Viewsonother points
of ethical doctrine, 406. Politics, 410. Eeligious views, 412.
EhetorioandTheory ofFine Art, 414.
CHAPTEE XIX
EUDEMUS, ARISTOXENUS, DIC«ABCHUS, AND OTHERS
Eudemus, 417. Logic, 418. Physios, 419. Metaphysics, 421.
Ethics: Virtueasadivinegift,422. Theology,424. Uprightness,
426. Otherpeculiarities ofBndemian ethics,427.
Aristoxenus, 429. Ethical views, 431. Theoryof Music, 433. Of
theSoul,436
VOL. II. a
ARISTOTLE
viii
Dicsearchus: Anthropology, 438. The practical and thetheoretic
life, 440. Politics,441.
Phanias, Cleaichus,andothers, 443.
CHAPTER XX
THE SCHOOL OP THEOPHEASTUS STRATO
:
Demetriusof Phalerusandothers, 447.
Strato, 450. Logic and Ontology, 454. Nature and Deity, 455,
Physical principles Heat and Cold, 456. Gravity, Vacuum,
:
Time, Motion, 458. Cosmology, 464. Anthropology, 466.
CHAPTER XXI
THE PERIPATETIC SCHOOL AFTER STEATO TILL TOWARDS THE
END OP THE SECOND CENTURY
Lyco, 474. Hieronymus,475. Aristo, 477. Critolaus, 479. Phor-
mio, Sotion, &c., 483.
Pseudo-AristotelianLiterature,494. Logical,Metaphysical, Physical
Writings, 495. TheMagna Moralia, 498. The Economics, 498.
TheMhetorioaddressedtoAlexander, 499. Conclusion,499.
APPENDIX
On the Foem o.p th.e 'Pol.itics.' . 501
INDEX
509
:
AddeThda and Corrigenda,
Page5,n.2,col.2,1.10,/o7'cutreadcutinpieces
6,1.8,/orali^readallied
61,1.5,forforcereadfaculty
90,n.col.1,1.19,forwholereadwhale
111,n.3,col.2,11.2,7,forcylindersreadsprings
147,n.col.1,1.16,/o7'theselast,however,aremerelycausesi^eadthesatisfaction
ofawant,moreover,ismerelythecause
152,n.1,col.1,1.3,omitwrong
171,1.7,forqualityreadequality
172,n.2,col.2,1.3frombottom,aftertilingsreadthat
178,1.4,formoralinsightreadmoralvirtue
182,n.col.1,1.6,forp.182readp.183
184,n.col.2,1.10frombottom,/£>rpicturereadfuture
195,u.4,col.1,1.4frombottom,/or3onprecedingpageread2supra
196,n.1,col.1,1.3,/orpupilreadaudience
204,n.2,col.2,1.5frombottom,/orp.203supi'o^readAppendix,p.507.
231,n.1,col.1,1.%forfindsitselfmoreathomereadexercisesmoreinfluence
242,1.10,/orindispensablereadindisputable
243,n.1,col.1,1.6,/orchieflyreadnearly
245,1.1,forButevenanyoneofsuchadvantagesastheseconfersreadButeven
suchadvantagesastheseconferofthemselvesnotitletoruleintheState.
259,n.1,col.1,1.8,/orsizereadgreatness
267,n.col.1,1.9,omitor
274,1.8,fororform,differingreadorfromdiffering
292,1.9,/orButasheregards...senseread Since,however,proofisthechief
endinview
322,u.col.1,1.8frombottom,/oraddedreadnotadded
324,n.5,col.1,1.11,omitvol.i.
325,U.1,3,/orsectionreadchapter
„ n.2,col.2,1.5,6^orep.291readvol.ii.
327,1.Q^forscientificreadtheoretic
„ lastline,omitand
331,n.2,col.1,1,2frombottom,/or^aai/eitfreadfiavreia
335,n.1,col.1,1.10,/orinchap.i.readvol.i.pp.5,n.7;20,n.2; 38,n.
339,1.9,/ormotionreadmatter
,', 1.10,/orrelationreadrelationship
375,n.1,col.1,1.9,/orMelinusreadMelissus
382,1.6frombottom,/orgeologicalreadzoological
References.
Thefollowingreferences aretoVol.i.:—Tol.ii.p.159,n.2,col.1,1.8; 180,n.2,
cbboooltt.tt2oo,mm1;;.222109;4,,18nn1..,23,n,.coclco.oll.1.,1U2,.,131..a41n,fdra1on0m,dab1n.odt1t11.om2frf;orm2o3m6b,bouot.tttcooomlm.;;1,128102.6,1,u0n..f1r4,,omccoolbl..o2t1,,t1o1..m63;ff2rr6oo7mm,
n.col.1,1.10; 292,n.1,col.1,1.10; 302,n.1, col. 1, 11. 6,12; 331,n.1,col.1,1.1
332,n.1,col.1,1.1; 343,n.2,col.2,1.1; 349,n.3,col.2,1.1from bottom.

ARISTOTLE
EAELIEE PERIPATETICS
CHAPTER X
[chap. IX. C. OF GEBMAN TEXT]
Living Creatures
1. The Souland Life
What distinguishes living creatures from all others is
theSoul.' All life, in fact, consists in the power ofself-
movement,^ that is, in acapacity inh&rent in a being of
effecting changes in itself: the simplest form of which
isconfined, as in the caseofplants,to nutrition, growth,
and decay.^ But everymovement implies two elements
• SeAn. i. 1, 407, a,, 4: the ivvjrdpx'p /i6uov, fpv auT(J (pafiiv^
investigation into the nature of olov vous, ai<T6niris, Ktvriffis- Kol
the soul is of the highest value iTTdats fiKUTa T6irov, trt Klvi\ai5ri
for science, liiKiara Sc irpbs t)\v Kara rpotp^y Koi tpBiirts re Kal
fpvffiv' effTi yap otoy cipxh tSv aij^ritris. Bih Kal t& ipv6p.€va vivra
BoKs'i ^fv' ^alvsTai ykp iv aiirots
" Ibid. ii. 1, 412, b, 16, cf. a, IxovraSvva/iu'Kal ipxh"Totairriv,
27, andseeinfra. Si' its aS^riaiv re Kal ipBtinv Xafi-
» Ibid. ii. 2,413,a, 20: Xc'7o- ^dvovtrt . . . ovSefiia yap al/roTs
fi€i/ oZv . .' . Siaipiirdai rh efuj/vxov inrdpx^i Bvvaflts &\\lj ipuxris. As'
Tovaif/i^ovTq? ^^v. irKeoyaxois Se this lowest form of life presents
rov^^v\(yop.dvoVfKtw tvriroinwv itselfwherever thehigheris (^c6
VOL. II. B
L'f
; '
a Aristotle
—
sometliing that moves,and something that is moved :
form and matter; and if a thing moves itself, it must
contain this duality within itself.' Hence every being
that has life must be a compound being; and if we call
the material part, which is subject to motion, the body,
it will follow that the form, which is the cause of
motion, has a being separate from and independent of
thebody.^ And astheform in general is identified with
the efficient and the final cause, this being may also be
said to be the final aim or end of the body.' The form
thus considei'ed as motive or efficient force is called by
Aristotle'Entelechy '; * andhence he definesthe Soul as
infra) itmay be treated as the MetapU. viii. 3, 1043, a, 35. .Ari-
universalmark ofalivingthing: stotlehad alreadydescribed the
Hid. c. 1, 412, a, 13: tSc Si soul in the Eudenmsas eTSifsti
^vcrtKwv [sc. trw/j.Arut/'] ra/jihvl^^* see i. 383sq., supra. ;
fuVtA S' O'jk Ix^'' C™^" 8e Xe'yo- ' De An. ii. 4,415,b,7,where
fieu T^v Bi' aiiTov [auToD] Tpoipi\v afterthepassagequoted,i.356,n.
re Kolai^7\(nvKai (p6laiv. Onthe 1,«!(/;., hegoeson,1.12:'irifkkvolv
Other hand, De An. i. 2, 403,b, us oi/ffia [sc. aiTia early fi »^ux^l
25 (rl ^fi^v^ov Si) Tov a^vxov S7i\oy• rh yap atTtov tou eivai
iuoiv fjidKitrra Sia<j}epeiv Soxe^^ iraffivit ot/ffla, rh 5e fpy toTs ^w<n
Kiviiaeire xaXr^aXff&aveodai)^ ex- rh elvai taTiv, ahla Se Kol apxh
pnroetsstehsemetreeclhnyitchale pdeofpiunliatirovni,ewo,f T6vOTVoTsUVK6yiiosT^Tv]x^^i./Te\feTxleiTao.S,{Sfutvaviefpihny
life. S' usKal ou cVe/cey if y^vx^i alria
' Seep. 4, n. 1, infra. Siairep ykp 6 vovs eytKa, toviroiei,
' Be An. ii. 1, 412, a, 1.5: rhvaurhyTp6irovr) (piais, ko! tout'
i^are tray tru/xa tpvoiKhv fierexov tffTty auTp TcAoF. Totovrov 5' cv
^(OTJsQvtr'.ahvcKt;,ojffia5*ouTotsijs TOlI Cipots 71 tfivx^l Kal [?] kotA
avvdeTT}' eirel S'iari ffufiaroi6vSe' <l>i(riy vdyTa ydp ret (pvamd tru-
[ToTieovbSnl;deToleBsNtBrUiEk:G:Kaia(r.wTiOji.aSi/SKia],l f€ii/faKraa rTifjiss iijfiiuvxxrvjss u&vpryaa.yaH.e. t.heiins
^tu^vyip ^x°^> ^^'^ ^^ ^^^ "^^ (TOJ/xa goesontoshow,whatisamatter
^vx'fl. oO ydp itrri roiy «a0' utto- of course, that the soul is an
Kfifi4vov rh cQJfia^ fj.a\\oy 8' us efficient cause. Part. An. i. 1,
ti/TVTOKe^iifL^exvoVvKoail'ffiilhaTvj.flavpaaiyKuosiov«T&5poas 6ctile,nta,an25d:fitnhael coiafufsiae;IsrobtootvhroeyffSie-
fftL^aros (pvaucou BwdfieL ^w}iv TOV fi)!ou iJToiiraira ri if'ux^ ^l^tpos
UxovTos. Part. An. i. 1, 6tl, a, Tt avrris.
H,32; Gen. An. ii. 4,738,b, 26; ' Cf. i. 379, supra.