Aristoteles Arabus: The Oriental Translations and Commentaries of the Aristotelian Corpus

81 Pages·1968·1.36 MB·English

by  F. E. Peters

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMEONFTC LASSICS
MONOGRAPOHNSM EDITERRANAENATNI QUITY
ARISTOTELES ARABUS
THEO RIENTTARLA NSLATAINODNC SO MMENTARIES
ONT HEA RISTOTECLOIRPAUNS
BY
F.E .P ETERS
LEIDEN
E.].B RILL
I968
Copyri1g9h6t8 b yE ., .Br ilLle,i deNne,t herlands
All righrtess ervNeod p.a rotf t hibso okm ayb er eproduced
or transliatnae ndy f ormb,y p rinpth,o toprmiinctr,o fat:i lm
anyo themre anwsi thowurti ttpeenr missfiroonmt hep ublisher
PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
CONTENTS
Page
LisotfA bbreviations VII
Introduction I
I.D ialogi 5
IIT.h Se choCooplru .s 7
I.C ategoriae 7
Dei nptreertatione 12
z.
3·A nalpyrtiiocraa 14
4·A n alyptoisctae riora 17
5·T opica 20
6.S ophistica 23
7·R hetorica 26
8.P oetica 28
9·P hysica 30
10D.ec aeelmtou ndo 35
II.D eg eneraetctoi rornuep tione 37
IZ.D ep haenommeetneiosr o.l ogicis 39
1·3L ibaenri mae 40
1·4L ibseern essutes n sati 45
15L·i baenri malium 47
16L.i bleirt terarum 49
17L·i ber ethicorum 52
18P.o litica 53
Notoent hDee v irtute 54
IIPIs.e udepphiiigcrntaa h Oer ieTnrtaadli tion 55
I.D ec aus.is.. . . . . .. . . 56
2.D ec aupsriasp rieelteamteunmt orum 57
3.Ep istol.a e. 58
4-Del apidi.b u.s .. . . . 59
.
5. M echa.n .i c.a. .. .. . 61
6. mDier abbuiaslu iscultaf;ionibus 61
7.D emund.o . . . .. . . . 61
VI CONTENTS
8.O econo.m ica 62
9·P hysiognomica 63
10D.ep lantis 64
IID.e pomo 6S
12D.ep rincuinpiiviesr sitatis 66
1·3P roblemata 66
14S·e crseetcar eiorum 67
IS·T heologia 72
16D.e v irtutviibt>i<iss et 74
LISTO F ABBREVIATIONS
1. PRIMASROYU RCES
BarhebraTeauYsi,kB ha:r hebraTcau)sr,im kuhk htua0la-rd uweadlA.,. S alha,nBie,y ro1u8t9h0, .
AI-Bla:ymqTia,t immaalt-:B ay1;tTaaqtii,m m$aitw tianl -lfikmeadkM.,. K urd' Aluin detrh et itle
Ta)rifiuk,khu mJ'P al-isClaaimr,1o 9,4 6.
Fikirsatl:- NadKiimt,tia lbi- lfwicsdGt.,. F IUg]c.lR, odigaenrdA, . M till2ev ro,l Lse.i pz1i8g7,1 -1872.
l:fjajKih all:f!:f aahjKjhia lifKaahs,ha !l -.;ucni1dan.n, d t ra.n sFGl.i i7gv eoll,L se.i,p zIi8g3,5 -r8scS.
I:uInayRni,s a:lG a.hB crgstraIfsusnearyi,nb Ins haiqi bdeirse y risucnhdeu nl 'ubiGsaclheenn- iiber-
setzunLgeeinp,z1 i9g2,5 .
IbnJu ljTnalb,aa qtI:b n JuTlajbualqa,al t- a,wtaia blb-tJP; ukcadmF.ii. S) a,y yiCda,i r1o9,5 5.
IbnK halilniIk:b nK halliKlidtnaw,ba a fyaatl -a'wyaaa nn btapb naa'i -zamcadnF.,. W iistenfeld,
2v olGs6.t,t in1g8e3n5,- 1t8r4a.3nM ;s.d eS lan4e v,o lPsa.r,i 1s8,4 3-1871.
Al-Mas'Muundti:ja, l -MasM'�iltd1ia",lf) -jd hachda.b ,ta rnadnC s.B. a rbideeMr a ynaarndd A .P avet
deC outei9lv olle.,s,P ari1s8,6 r-1877.
Al-lVIcausdTia,n b:ia hl-McausdKii,t aabl -tawnaba ilh- ifs,eh drM.a. dGoec jLce,y de1n8,9 t4r;a ns.
CarrdaeV auxP,a ri1s8,9 7.
AI-Qiaflt-iQ:i Tfat'ir,ia klh- pukaemdaJ.'. L, i ppeLreti,p z1i9g0,3 .
;;;a'Tiadb,aa qt�:a' ida l-AnudsaiKl,i tatba baaqla-tu maemd,L. . C heikBoe,y rou1t9h1,t2 r;a nRs .
BlachePraer,i1 s9,3 5.
D:=.;.I: banb DI:=.; aybiC'Uay�ht,an l -anfbi(a a'b aaqla-ta tiebdAb. aM )l,i l2lv eorl.,sC ,a ir1o8,8 2.
U:;;(.e dJ.a hiaenrdN ourended)Hi:.J ahiaenrdA .N oureddSionuer,cd e'sfIo rnmatisounlr e Csl asses
deMsi dic:iX nIsIICeh api:Mt irdeciindsel 'OccMiudseunltm aAnl,g ie1r9s5,8 .
2.P ERIODIACNADLS SE RIALS
AHDL = Archidv'ehsi sdtoocitrreie ntla iltet edruam ioryeea ng .e
Beitra=g Bee itrc"iGgees cZhUid1ce'hPr th ei losodpehsMi iet telalters.
BSOAS Bulleotfti hnSe c hooofOl r ienatnadAl fr icSatnu diUensi,v erosfiL toyn don.
=
BZ = ByzantinZiesictihsfec.t h r
jA = journAa ls iatique.
jOAS Journoaftl h Aem ericOarni enStoacli ety.
=
JRAS = Jo�wnoaftl h Reo yaAls iaStoicci ety.
Memori=e A ttid elRl.aA ccademNiaaz iondaelie LiCnlcaesdisi,Se c ieMnozrea Sltio,r iecF hiol olo-
Linceig iche.
MFO = Melandgeels aF acuOlrtiee ndteal Ul'ne i verSsaiitnet -JBoesyerpohu, th.
MIDEO MelaensgI.n stiDtoumti nicdaE'tiund eOsr ientdaulC easi re.
=
OLZ = OJ'ientLailties1c'haet urzeitung.
PAAJR =P roceedings of Atchaed eAfmmoyer 1 'JiecRwaeinss eha rch.
PO PatroZOorgiiean talis
=
RAAD = LaR evudeel 'AcadAermaibdeee D ama(sM ajalalla-tmm aajCa l-caill-m'iia )r.a b
RendicoRnetnid=i cdoenltRli.a AccaNdaezmiioand aelLiei ncCelia,s eslSeic ieMnozrea Sltio,r iec he
LinceiF ilologiche.
RIMA = Revudeel 'Ihntsdtte iMsa nuscrAirtasb( eMsja allmaat' haadli- makha!l�-7'taarhta) b.i ya
RFN Rividsitfa il osonfeioas colastica.
=
RNSP = RevuNee o-ScholdaesP thiiqluoes o(pfhrioeXm L ,IVj=I 9R4e6v uPeh ilosopdhei que
Louva.i n)
RSO RivisdtiSa t udOir ientali.
=
ShAW = SitzsubnegridcehArt kaed emdieerW issehnatsfecnt;h eG ermasnc ienatciafdiecm wiielsl
bec itbeydc itayr indo tb ys tatee.;g S.b,A VVBerlSiint:z ungsbdeerrPi rce/zutses ische1z
Akdaemidee ')'T Yissheanfestnc,I3 erlin.
ZA Zeitisfcfthu rrA sysriol.uo ngdiv eerwanGdetbei ete.
ZDMG = Zeitisfcdth errD eutscMhoerng enlsacnhceGlnei sellschaft.
3.B OOKASN DA RTICLES
E1 EncyclopofeI dsilaa 4m ,v oLlesy.d,e n-Lo1n9d1o3n,- 1937.
E1S uplp;.E ncycloopfeI dsilaaS mu,p plemNeunmtb eIr,L eyden-Lo1n9d3o4n.,
VIII LISTO F ABBREVIATISO N
ShortEeIr:S hortEenrc yclopoefId silaa Lme,y de1n9,5 3.
EI2E;n cycloopfeI dsilaaN me wE ditiLoeny,d en-dLoon1n,59 4-
GAL C.B rockelmGaensnc,h idcekartr ea bisLcihteenr 1a2tL,uer y de1n9,4 3, SuLpePyId.e nI,,
193I7I;L2 e,y den, S1u9p4pI9lI,.L, e yde1n9,3 I8I;IL e,y de1n9,4 2.
GCAL G.G raGfe,s chichcther isdtealrri acbhiesnLc ihteenr (aSttuured T ie sut8i, 1 331,4 61,4 7,
1725) v,o lsV.a,ti cCaint y1,9 44-31.9 5
GSL A.B aumstaGreks,c hidcehrsty er isLciheterna tBuorn,n 1,9 22.
=
AhhvarAdrta,b isHacnhdes chrBiefrtleWin.n A; h lwarVdetr,iz cehndiesars1 'abiHsacnhdesnc hrziuf ten
Berl1i0nv, o lBse.r,l 1i8n8, 7-1899.
AlonsToe,o lioa:Hg .A lonsToe,o lodgeiA ave rro(eEss tudyi Doosc umenMtaodsr)i,d -Gra1n9a4d7a.,
AnawaMtui),a ll:aG f.Aa ntawaMtui),a jUaaitb Sni naC,a ir1o9,5 0.
AristoLtaetliensG u.sL :a comebtae lA.r,i stoLtaetlie:n1su , Rs ome1,9 3I9I,C, a mbriMdagse,s1 .9,5 5.
BadawMia,k h#uAtraits At.uB :a dawMia,k htuAtraits ftiaul -CaraRbIiMyAaI h( ,1 95p5p)2.,1 5-231,
II( 195p6p).4, 6 -62.
BadawMia,n tiAqr is:tA u.B adawMia,n {iAqr is3!v uo,l Csa.i,r 1o9,4 8-1952.
BaumstaArrki,s tobteeil Sedyser ne: rA n.B aumstaArrki,s tobtedeiel Sney sr evronVn - VIIIj ahrhundert,
Leipz1i9g0,0 .
BouygNcost,i :Mc .eB ouygAevse,r r.To aefssmiarb aead! -!aNboitCiaBctee.y, r ou1t9h5,2 .
ChwolsoShsna,b :iD e.rC hwolsoDhineS, s abiuenrd der Ss2a bivsomSlutssP..,e , t ersb1u8r5g6,.
DurinBgi,o grapThriacidatli oIn.D: u rinAgr,i stiontt hlAeen cieBnito grapThriacdaoilnt G,i6 teborg,
195·7
GeoTTC,a teigeo:sKr .G eoTTL,e sC ategodr'iAersi stolteeu vrdesar nssis oynrso -arBaebyerso,u1 t9h4,8 .
Grabman"nA,r istoitne1 l2e].sa hrhutn"dM:e .rG rabman"nA,r istoitne le1Js2a .h rhutn,d"er
MittelaltGeerilsitcehsIelIseIM b,ue nni c1h9,5 p6p,. 6 4-124-
GrabmanAnr,it sotelesduebXseI rIsIj. a hrhun:Md e.Gr rtabmanFno,r schuunbgeedrni lea teinischen
AritsoteleszuubnegderensXs e ItIjIa hrhun(dBeeritt XrVaIgIe5, - 6M)u,n st1er9,1 6.
Kraujsa,b :iP r.K raujsa,M irb IJna yyiiCno.n tribau [t'ieotdnu' dhei sdteoisid reese csi entidfainqsu es
l'Isl2a vmo,l sC.a,i r1o9,4 1-1942.
Krau"sZ,u i banl -Mufqaac:f" KPr.a u"sZ,u i banl -MuqCa"fR,fS aOX IV( 193p3p)., 1-20.
MorauLxi,s tAencsi en:nP e.Ms orauLxe,sL istAencsi endneesOs u vradg'eAs risLtooutvea,i1 n9,5 1.
Ritter-W"aSltzearm,h uBliebrl iotheHk.Re int"t:ae nrd R .W alzer",A rabisVbcehres etzungen
griechiAs.rcthzietnreS tambuBliebrl ioetuh,Se"bk AWBerlXiXnV I( 193p4p).3, 4 -59.
Rusk"aA,I -BiarluQsnu ie Ue]".R: u ska",A I-BiarluQsnu ie UfeU dra sL ebeunn d dSciher ifatl­en
RazisI"si,Vs ( 192p3p).2, 6 -50.
SayyiMda,k hjuF!.aS ta:y yijda,m iCaalt- duawla-l( araFbiihyraaihls.- makhaflu-tmauts awIa,r rah
Cair1o9,5 4.
SteinschnAeI-iFdaerr:a,M b .iS teinschnAel-iFdaerra(,bA il phasr)ad,be isau rabisPchhielno sophen
Lebeunn dS chrifStteP.ne ,t ersb1u8r6g9,.
SteinschAnreaidbUeb.re ,r: sM ..S teinschDnieeiAd rearh,i stcJhbeenr setazuunsdg eemGn r iechischen,
repriGnrta,z1 ,9 6o0f,f ouarr ticalpepse arini Bnegi hezfutmZe e ntralfbuBlria btlti otheVk swesen
(188a9n)dX II( 189Z3D)M,G L (189a6n)dA, r chivp aftuhro loAgniastcohumein ,dP hysiologie
ser1.2V ,o lI.V ( 1981;)a lcli tatoifot nhsea sret iacrlaeec sc ordtiotn hgce o nsecutive pagination
oft hGer az reprint.
SteinschnHeebirdU.eb res,r:. M .S teinschnDeiiehd eebrr,a eiUsbcehresne tzduenMsgi etnt elaulntde "i's
dijeu deanl Dso lmeisBcehrelr1i,8n ,9r 3e;p riGnrta,zI ,9 56.
TkatsPcohe,it k:J .T katsDcihe,a rabisUbcehres etdzeuPrno ge tdieksA risto2t.evl oelssV,.i e,n na­
Leipz1i9g2,8 -1932.
Walze"rN,e wL ig"ht:R .W alze"rN,e wL ighotnt heA rabTirca nslaotfiA ornissl teo,Ot"r ieVnIs
(195p3p)9.,1 -1r4e2p;r initdeedm,, GreAerka bCiiancmt,bo r iMdgaes,s1 .9,6 p2p,6. 0 -113.
INTRODUCTION
Althomuogdhe artnt emaptdt ess crtibhtiern agn slatioofnA rhisiets'otwstoo lrrkys
hawdh amti ghbted escraisab c eodm mon opfdo eipnatr tthuerriear,to efp rograensds
themiert hodolaopgpircotaaolct hht ew om ositm portsatnatgi euts h ahti sttohrey ,
transliauttAioro anbsai ncid n tLoa tin,b ehemanav rek eddilfyf erent.
Theh appuyn ioofnm edievaanlodir site n-taam lairsrti maogrfeer equently consum­
mateidnt hnei netetehnaitnnth h eea rlpiaerortft hciesn t-uirnyt hpee rsoofAn m able
LouJiosu rdaiinn1 8l1et9dot,, h peu bliocna Rtoiefc hersculhreg' sede to rli'gd iense
traducltaitoidAnn'rse is s etstou tlree c so mmengtraeiocruse sa reampbleosyp eaelrse d so ctmws
scholuaessJt.oi"uq rddaiindno cto ncheirmns etlobf es, u rwei,t thh ter anosnlisan ttio
Arabbiuct, p arso miisnte hdte i thlede e voatl eodn cgh ap(tpep7r.8 -1t7ot8 h)Ae r ab
tradiitnti hoWene scta,l laitntge nttoti hopenr oblseumrsr outnhdaeig neag,u thenticity,
andac curoaftc hySe y ro-aAnrdGa rbe co-tArraaubs ltahteimosnesl ves.
Thec hallweanstg aek uepni n1 84b2y J ohaGneno rWge nriicnhh i Dse A uctarum
graecorum evetcro smmieonntisabyrurisiai arsca ibsai rcmiesn piearcsiisc ciosmqmueen tatia
dealwiinttghh Aer istovteerlsiaiasoon nn sla yp arotfw haitsn ow kntoobw ena na rea
ofc onsideexrtaebEnlvtee. an'tt hiesa rdlaytt eh aep protaotc hhAe r abtirca nslations
diffferrotsmh aetm plobyye dJ ouorndt ahiLena tvienr sions.
Thpe robolfet mhL ea tvienr siisso onlsva eldm ost fernottmih rmeea lnyu sctrhiepmt­s
seelsva;p afrrto omc casdioocnuamle lnitktseh p er esecravteadl oofgG eurea orfCd r e­
monat'rsa nsltahtei onqsu,oe fsw thiioctnhr anstlraatnosrwl haitcehd wowrhke na nd
emergoenslf yr otmh ied entoinfc,ilc aaistcsiaitfainodnd ,at ionftg h mee dieLvaatli n
manuscorfitp htAesr istoctoerlpiouarfsn,a ilaip nogs iitdievnet oinf,ic aabptypi lying
stylcirsitittceo tr hiweao rkisnq ueosnt3i
Thus,w otrhokef o nJr dwaaissnl owpluys hed faolrmwobasyrt d i,n bcyha ep sa,ti ent
examinaotfii nocnr eaasmionugno tfts h em anuscmraitpetr fiiarlbs,ytv Vustenfeld
(I87a7n)Sd t einsc(hIn9e0i4d5e-)br1,o 9't0O hr ienttahleiansst t hsfe,o rtuonfSe csh o­
4
lastibceigsramen v ivfirnotgmh bel odwe atlott h eimnt hAe�' flkiirubnygs ,c holliakres
Grabma(nIn9 1159,5 oT)h,o6r nd(iIk9e.'2 H 3a)ski(nIs9 2a4n)dW, i'n ga(tIe9 3I)9,
1 Secoenddi trieovni bsyeC dh arlJeosu rdaPianri,1s 8,4 3.
2 Thougohb viouas lmya jaocrh ievefmoeirnt tts i maen do fc ontinhuiisntgo riinctaelrI eh satv,e
notc itveVedn riicnth h ep resent fsotru dstyih mep le rtehaaSstto eni nschnAe1irdaUebbr.e' rs(s v.i de
n.4 i nrfa)co,v ertihnesg a mger oubnudtr elyoinn gm au chg reater ovfas roiuertchyea ssr, e ndered
theo ldewro rks uperfltuooo uursp u rpohseerse .
3 TIlllaSt tteerc hniiqsou neln yo wb eginntiobn ega ppliteotd h Lea tivne rsicohnise,bf ylM yi nio­
Paluealnldwo i tghr atifryeisnugTl htess t.a toufts h Aer abviecr sionsu nifso rsttuinlfalatr,ree lmyo,v ed
frotmh ilse voefls cholsaorplhyi stoinc.a ti
4 DieU bersetzaurnagbeins vcVrhekeiern d asl ateinsiesicth ed ejma hXrIhu nd(eArbtnhd,al ungen
GottiXnXgIeIn3 ,.)
fi Diee uropaiUsbcehresne tzauunsdg eetnan r abisbcihMsei nt tdee sI7 .J ahrhund(eSrbvVtAsW ien
CXLIX,C L4I,I, )
'
6 Forschunugbeednri el ateiniAsrcihsetnoU tbeelresse-tzduensgX eIInI Jahrhund(eBretistrage
XVII5,- 6")A;r istoitme1 l2eJ:sa hrhutn,cM"1e edriaeSvtatlt dXiIeI(s 1 95p0p).I, 2 3-1b6r2o;ug ht
upt od ataen dr eprinitnMe idt telaltGeerilsitcehIselIseIM b,ue nni c1h9,5 p6p,.6 4-1T2h7e.sa er beu t
AristoAtrelaesb us
2 INTRODUCTION
unttihlpe o iwnhte rtehU en ioanc ademiinqtueer nactoinoclnodam lmei ssion a repertory
ofa Ut hken own Lmaatniuns corfiA prtiss totAlrei.s tTLohatetl ie1nis us ts h leo gical
annde cesosuatrgyr oofw tdtheh sec riwpotriiknv set ibtyuJ toeudr daanihdna s prepared
thger oufnodtr h see roifec sr iticalo fte hdveia triivooenursss nioowni snt hceo urosfe
public.a2t ion
Thes tudoefn tAt rhaeb viecr shiaoosnt sh reers ouarthc iecsso mmnadW.e nrihcahd
consunlototen dlt yhA er abmiacn uscprriepstesir nEv uerdo !wp iet,pha rtiecmuplhaars is
onC asicrait'asl (oMgauder" i7d6,0 -"o7ft7 h0re)i ccho lleicnt iEtoshnce u rbiuahtla ,d
relied ehveeanv oimnlto yhr ee hisstoourriWcceea sl.n ow tkhnfeou wl l eoxft etnhte
Arabpse'n chfaobnrit o graapnhcdiu clatlhu irsatlo Wreinersih.ca hd abf urta cotfi otnh ese
at haInnad d.d ittioBo anr hebrTaae'ursmi'uk khh tia�nta hroe l (d1 66e3d)it ion by
Pocochkeue s,ea dl -QainfIdtb ian b Uj$ ay'baiihnm annscarnidp tt he volumes of Flugel's
editoifIo ;njI Kiahj aliwfhaihc h bheagdua np peairni1 n8g3 5.
Wenr'iwsco hrfkoa rli lto sb vimoeurswi tansso b ettthearin tn sa rrboawso efo perations
butth sei tuatiorna pbitedogil amynp roAv see.r oifes tsu dointe hse Aprhaibl osophers
byS chmoel(d1e8r4sR2 e)n,a3(n 1 85C2h)w,o'l s(o1h8n,5 5M6 u)nk( 185D9i)e,t6e rici
(1865-a1n8Sd7t 9e)i.n's c(h1n8e6io9dp)ee rnt ehde possibiltihAtery i sotfo tterlaicainn g
8
transliantt hideoe nrsi vfaatlisvalefi athe rMaetaunrweeh.,ii mlpornteawnt te xmtoss,t
oft heaml rekandoyw innm anuscfroiupnttdh, e eidri t.Io nr1 s86C4u reptuobnl ished
al-Shanhir'hases rteasiogKriatpiihabil c amlwi ala all- niahnadl ",i 8n7 "-t"h8e7r2e
appeatrhepedr emhiiesrt osroiucrfacolter h Aer abtirca nslatioofnt hceho irsptuosr,y
Flu'gesedl itoifao ln- NaFdijhmsr'tisf, o'l loiwn1e 8d8 2-b1yM8 u8l4rl' Iesb anb Uj$ ay'baih
anidn " 90b3yL ipeprta'ls-t Qii.f
In1 88K7l aIhbreogtachno llescotmioenft g h.in se wm ateriinca oln necwtiithohin s
transloaftt hiseo enc tdieovno tteotd h eG reepkh ilosoipnah le-rYsa 'bquiittb hie, 'O
two of thgee nmeorwsaotlr kfsr oamm ong MGsrgarb.m aninm'mse ncsoen tributtoi oanns under­
standing ofA rtihset oaLt altteri;un e r pibcegt auirnebe ydcc aonns ulhtiibsni gb liogprraipnhityne d
MitteliaclhtGecesli 'slteIsIlIepbp,Ie. n O -3e5sp,e nco.s5 .5 6,4 8,5, I 45I,8 7I,8 9, 2II9724,2, 92 ,5 I2,6 9,
2923,003,I 33,I 53,2 8, 333,343 03,63 ,6 94,0I4,0·7
7 A HistoorfMy a giacn dE xperimeSnctiaelIn Ic,e NYeowr k.
S Studiinets h Hei stoorfMy e dieSvcaile nCcaem,b ridMgase.s,r; e viesde1.d9 27.
9 TheM ediaeLvaatliV ne rsiooftn hsAe r istotSecliitaeinnfC iocr puLso,n don.
1 Pars PrRioomre1,,9 3P9a;r s posCtaemrbiroirdI,g9 e5,5 .
2 Theo nlAyr abic-vLeartsiitnoh uns feadri tientd h isse riiesGs e raorfdC remontar'asn sloaft ion
theA naZytPiocsat erdioonrbeay L .M inio-Plao:lA ureilstoLtaetlienIsuV s, P3a,r is-Br1u9g5e4s;,
vidpe. 1 8i nrfa.
3 Essasiu r elceoslp heisl osopchhieZqzeuA ser sa beetns o tammAelgnatz aPlair,i s.
4 Averreotle 'sa verrPoairsimrsee;,v is1e8d6 .I.,.e ighthP aerdi1.s9 ,2 3.
fi DieS sabuinedrd eSrs abis2m uvso,Sl tsP..e ,t ersburg.
II M £flandgeeP sh ilosfoupiheviteea rabPea,r. i s
7 HiGse rmatnr ansloaftt ihoRena saohflt hSei ncBerreet h(rIeknh waaln-a �)ap)fu,b lisuhnedde r
thgee netriatlDl ieeP hilosopAhriaeb iedmrIe Xru nd JXa hrhunndaecCrhht r isatuus.s . d.e nS crhij­
tend erL auteBrrni ider.
S AZ-Fardaebasir ,a bisPchhielno soLpehbeenn, S uchnrdi nf,tS etP.e tersburg.
9 Thes ectoinot nh e Grpeheikl osowpahsec rosr recatnedcd l ariifnti heedf ollowyienabgry A .
Mullienr haninso taGteerdm atnr ansolnaD,ti ieg riechiPshcihleons oipndh e!1'ea nr abis'Ucbheerjnle i­e
rung.
10 "Uber die Aauussgz ruigeec hiSscchhreinf tsbteeial ll-eJranC IqIflIPb,hi i,lp ohseonZ,D'M"G
XLI( 188p7p)4.,' 454-z.
INTRODUCTION 3
effectthsne e owfl y exkpnaonwdleeddt ghehe i osft osroiucracle bse sbctema ena sured
inS teinsc'hsDni eaeir daebriUsbcehresne tazuudsne gGmerni ech(iIs8c8h9e.-nT I a8k9i3n)g
ash ipso ionfdt e partthuFeri eh rtiesxtot ns tthrea nslhaitsitoooftnr h yve a ripoaurst s
oft hceo rphuefs i,il lnts h lea cuannabder intghnsea rraftoirvweba yrr de ferientn hcee s
first tphlpeaa crea tltalobe alaq nahdti stotreixcatansld, tbhyce anl luipnogtn h mea n­
uscrriepsto urcceist aatinindto hnweso rkosf ftalhaefas hin,o taMbaliym onaindde s
IbRnu shwdh erSet einsecrhu'nnsep iadralklneolwlleeoddf g eHt ehber veewr sgiaovnes
hima r eseairncsht ruomfe nfttih reos rtd er
1
Thewo rhka nso bte erne doonnte h e same scale sidnaceyev etSnht oeuignhs chneider's
thnee wlayc cuamtuelmda teriisca oln silde2eS roamboef t hhei stosroiucrahclae vse
beemno rfeu lelxyop iltee.dIg,b. Jn,u lajunld:;> a'aild- Andbaulttuh smeia ,i n advances
havbee einnt haer eoafm anuscrreispet.aT rhceEh uropceoalnl eocftAi roanbmsia cn ­
uscriaprnteos w bfeatrtk enro wann,wd"i thtihnle a tshti yretyas risg nifpircoagnrte ss
habse en imnae dxet rascotmioenft g h rei cbhuersi iend etahset ern plairbtriacrnileasr,l y
thoisnFe e z, DCaamiarsoc,a unIsds, t a;n bbuael ginnainndgi ,ssi ttio lnlla yb egign,n in
ibse imnagd ienI raPna,k istaInn,d Tiahane.d first voleudmieto ifoBo rfno ctkheel ­first
mannG'ess chdiecarhr taeb iLsictheernaa ptpuera frievydee aarfst Setre inschinne ider,
I89;t8 hmee rpeh ysipcraels eonfc elt ahteve esrts ion-ailnnr eeeoadfdr ye vision-of
thmiass sriivpee ritsio tisarec elr fty os urvaenyet wh deo maoifAn r istaortaebluess.
Thper esweonrtk , itnsho etnhm,io nrgoe rl etshsa ann a ttemtpost a ayl tlh at bcea n
presesnatildy abont thei nfdoirvtAiurdniuesastl o totefex latitnsahtd neh eeixre getical
outrifdreocrmas A. .D .4 5w0h eanc ertParionb ohfAa n tifoicrhis ntt rodtuhcetemod
thSee miitnet sh eoiwrnt ongiunte h,ic sa sWee steSrynr iuanctc,ia lA. .D .I 25w0h en
thlea osftI bRnu sdh'cso mmentoanAr riiesst otle thaUern riivveerodsfP i aatrtayi n sd
thipsa rticchualpaitrnte hrAe r istottrealdiicatani mtoenoa ne nd.
Froamm onagl l ptohsesa ipbplreo atcosh uecasht asIkh ,a vceh ostehne uosnebedy
thAer abtsh emseilndv eessc rtihbweio nrgtk h ehya dd onoen t hAer istoctoerlpiuasn,
thsea moen feo llolwaetdeS rt ebiyn sc:ht note aikdeeea rcohf wtohreka ssi to ccurs in
thlei sitnus s ien t he scahnodto odl ess criitcbsoe m pltertaen slhaitsitbooenr fyo re
passoinn gtt hone e xStu.c ahp rocehdauisrt desi sadvasnutra;eg letyrshe,es ultteaxntt
isr epetiatnidho aursdc layl cufloacrto endt inrueoaudsiI ntig sh.,o wevuesre,.fE ualch
sectiisaos ne lf-counntiati naegnded n ecrabanecl olnys uwlittehdro eufte rteown hcaet
has gboenfeoo rrwe i lflo llow.
1 Iti si nstrutcotc iovmep areA rtahbUeb. e rwsi.t thh eea rlDiieehr e braeiUsbcehresne tzduensg en
Mittelaulntdde irjesu deanl Dso lmetswcrhietrt,e 1n8 8ia4nn dp ublisihnBe edr liin1n 8 9w3h,i ch
usemsa nuscrmiaptetr ailamlo esxtc lus.iT vheeJl eywsl,i kteh ceo ntempoLraatribynu stu nlitkhee
earlAirearb wse,r e mnuocthi ntereisntt hetedr anslmaotvieomne nstu caahsn dl eftd ensoc riptions
ofi tt oc ompawriet thh Fei hroirsth te tabaqat.
2T het woa ttemapttg so inogv eSrt einschngeriodueanrrd'ne s om orteh asnk etcThheesa .r ticle
inA rabbiycB adawtih,ee ditoofar g reamta ny ofA rtahbevi ecr sioofnA sr isto"tMlaek,h tiitat
ArisftIaiil -Caarha,bR"IIMy A I( 19.)5p,5p 2. 15-2I3I(1 15,96 )p,p4 .6 -6i2sc, h iecfolnyc erwniettdhh e
manuscroiftp htAesr abviecr siaonndhs a cso mpleotmeiltytt ehdpe s eudepphiigcrbaar;i ebfuetr better
is tqhuei csku rvgeiyv ebny Waliznte hren ew ediotfti hoEenn cycloopfeI dsilaaI m,p p.6 31-633.
:'I Thes ingmloes itm portuanncta talocgouUeedc ttihoanot,ft heAm brosminnMa i lainsi; n t he
C(=!ursoefb einmgi crofiulnmdeedr atuhsep iocfte hseB ureaoufM anuscroiftp hteAsr aLbe aguae ;
cataloigsbu eei npgr epafroeardn othlearr agned i mportcaonUte ctaitPo rni nceUtnoinv ersity.
4
INTRODUCTION
Foera cwho rtkh e poofdi enpta ritsu rpteeh ret itneexintntt hFei ftraidsdtu,c ing,
whenreec estshapera yr,a plalseslaf greoasml -QainfI:Hidt jij Kih aliwfhaohh a vaer ranged
themiart eriinsa olm ewthhaseta mfea shTihoenr.ae rn eo s ucthe xftostr h Dei alogi,
whicthhA er abdsin do ktn obwy n ame, ntohrpe s fepouirdg eprhaicwah,i cdhif do rm
ani ntepgarraotlft hsec hocoolr paunsdh,,e ncteh,e se wwiolbrlekt sr eastoemde what
differently.