Argumentation Machines: New Frontiers in Argument and Computation

257 Pages·2004·6.75 MB·English

by  Chris Reed

ARGUMENTATION MACHINES
Argumentation Library
Volume9
Series Editors:
Frans H. van Eemeren, University ofA msterdam
Scott Jacobs, University ofA rizona
Erik C.W. Krabbe, University ofGroningen
John Woods, University ofL ethbridge
ARGUMENTATION
MACHINES
New Frontiers in Argument
and Computation
Edited by
CHRIS REED
University ofD undee,
Scotland, U.K.
and
TIMOTHY J. NORMAN
University ofA berdeen
Scotland, U.K.
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA. B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-6517-9 ISBN 978-94-017-0431-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0431-1
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2004 Springer Science+B usiness Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
To Cathy and Vzjaya, with
our love.

Contents
List of Figures
ix
List of Tables xi
Contributing Authors xii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements XXV
1
A Roadmap of Research in Argument and Computation 1
Chris Reed and Tzmothy J. Norman
1.1. Introduction 2
1.2. Research in Argument and Computation 2
1.3. Conclusions 12
2
Argument and Multi-Agent Systems 15
Timothy J. Norman, Daniela V. Carbogim, Erik C. W. Krabbe, Douglas Walton
2.1. Introduction 16
2.2. Dialectical Argumentation and Agent Communication 21
2.3. Commitment and Roles 29
2.4. 1)rpes of Dialogue 36
2.5. Dialogue Shifts and Embeddings 39
2.6. Argument Schemes and Critical Questions 41
2.7. Models of Agent Dialogue 45
2.8. Conclusions and Perspectives 52
3
Decision Support for Practical Reasoning 55
Rod Girle, David Hitchcock, Peter McBurney, Bart Verheij
3.1. Introduction 56
3.2. Practical Reasoning 57
3.3. Argument Schemes and Defeasibility 62
3.4. Decision Calculi 66
3.5. Reasoning Under Resource Constraints 72
3.6. Integration of Moral Considerations 74
3.7. Deliberation Dialogue 77
3.8. Interface Design 79
3.9. Evaluation 81
viii ARGUMENTATION MACHINES
3.10. Conclusions 83
4
Computational Models, Argumentation Theories and Legal Practice 85
Trevor Bench-Capon, James B. Freeman, Hanns Hohmann, Henry Prakken
4.1. Introduction 86
4.2. A Conceptual Process Model of Legal Argumentation 87
4.3. Argumentation Theories and Computational Legal Argument 99
4.4. Work in AI and Law 106
4.5. Discussion 116
5
The Persuasion Machine 121
Michael A. Gilbert, Floriana Grasso, Leo Groarke, Corin Gurr, Janne M. Gerlofs
5.1. Introduction 122
5.2. Overview of the Persuasion Machine 124
5.3. The Argument Engine 128
5.4. Revise User Image 135
5.5. Identify Next Move 145
5.6. Prepare Next Move 152
5.7. Generate Utterance 157
5.8. The Persuasion Machine in Action 162
5.9. Conclusions 171
5.10. Outstanding Questions and Issues 173
6
Computational models of rhetorical argument 175
Jim Crosswhite, John Fox, Chris Reed, Theodore Scaltsas, Simone Stumpf
6.1. Introduction 176
6.2. Rhetorical Considerations in a Computational Advice System 182
6.3. A Rhetorical Model of Argumentation 185
6.4. Discussion 204
6.5. Conclusion 209
Bibliography 211
Authorindex 235
Topic Index 239
List of Figures
2.1 What is reasoning, and what is argument? (adapted from
Walton (1990, p. 412)). 38
2.2 The FIPA Contract Net Protocol. 47
2.3 Negotiation protocol for two agents a and b (Parsons
et al., 1998). 48
4.1 Overview of legal argumentation. 89
4.2 Conceptual model. 98
5.1 The Persuasion Machine. 125
5.2 The argument engine. 126
5.3 Revising the user image. 137
5.4 Popular smoker (1). 138
5.5 The rhetorical device. 141
5.6 My guy (1). 145
5.7 Current and elaborated argument structure. 149
5.8 Elaborate argument structure after check with knowl-
edge base. 150
5.9 Schema of an argument from common practice and its
instantiation. 166
6.1 Argument tree in support of 'Smoking is bad for Gerry'. 184
6.2 Outline of argumentation tree whether smoking is good
or bad for Gerry. 203
List of Tables
2.1 Types of dialogue. 36
4.1 Selected AI and Law systems addressing argument. 110
4.2 Processes in conceptual model automated in the selected
systems. 111
4.3 Theory formation in systems which address this process. 112
4.4 Argument generation in the selected systems. 113
4.5 Argument selection in the selected systems. 114
4.6 Argument foqnatting in the selected systems. 115
5.1 User image for popular smoker (1). 138
5.2 Current response store for popular smoker (1). 138
5.3 User image for popular smoker (2). 142
5.4 Current response store for popular smoker (2). 142
5.5 User image for popular smoker (3). 143
5.6 Current response store for popular smoker (3). 143
5.7 Current response store for my guy (2). 145
5.8 Possible next moves of the PM. 147
5.9 Initial Persuasion Machine agenda in smoking cessation
example. 163
5.10 PM agenda in cycle 1 164
5.11 PM agenda in cycle 2 165
5.12 PM agenda in cycle 3 166
5.13 PM agenda in cycle 4 168
5.14 PM agenda in cycle 5 169
5.15 PM agenda in cycle 6 170
6.1 Outline of facts, truths, values and value hierarchies to-
gether with an indication of argumentation scheme pref-
erence contained in knowledge base. 200