Argumentation and debate : critical thinking for reasoned decision making

544 Pages·2009·3.776 MB·English

by  Austin J Freeley, David L Steinberg

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Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned
Decision Making
TWELFTH EDITION
AUSTIN J. FREELEY
Late,John CarrollUniversity
DAVID L. STEINBERG
Universityof Miami
Australia•Brazil•Japan•Korea•Mexico•Singapore•Spain•UnitedKingdom•UnitedStates
Argumentation and Debate: ©2009,2005WadsworthCengageLearning
Critical Thinking for Reasoned
Decision Making, Twelfth
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To Dr. Austin J. Freeley and Trudy.
David L. Steinberg
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Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Critical Thinking 1
Chapter 2 Applied and Academic Debate 19
Chapter 3 Stating the Controversy 43
Chapter 4 Analyzing the Controversy 60
Chapter 5 Exploring the Controversy 86
Chapter 6 Evidence 105
Chapter 7 Tests of Evidence 126
Chapter 8 The Structure of Reasoning 152
Chapter 9 Types of Reasoning 169
Chapter 10 Obstacles to Clear Thinking 188
Chapter 11 Requirements of the Case 204
Chapter 12 Building the Affirmative Case 214
Chapter 13 Building the Negative Case 235
Chapter 14 Refutation 261
iv
BRIEF CONTENTS v
Chapter 15 Presenting the Case: Composition 280
Chapter 16 Presenting the Case: Delivery 300
Chapter 17 Evaluating the Debate 314
Chapter 18 Academic Debate Formats and Cross-
Examination 332
Chapter 19 Applied Parliamentary Debate 356
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Contents
PREFACE xi
Chapter 1 Critical Thinking 1
I. Debate 6
II. Individual Decisions 9
III. Group Discussion 11
IV. Persuasion 12
V. Propaganda 13
VI. Coercion 14
VII. Combination of Methods 15
VIII. Ethical Decision Making 16
Exercises 17
Chapter 2 Applied and Academic Debate 19
I. Applied Debate 20
II. Academic Debate 24
III. Ethical Standards for Debate 38
Exercises 41
Chapter 3 Stating the Controversy 43
I. Defining the Controversy 45
II. Phrasing the Debate Proposition 45
III. Presumption and Burden of Proof 48
vi
CONTENTS vii
IV. Types of Debate Propositions 55
Exercises 58
Chapter 4 Analyzing the Controversy 60
I. The Importance of Defining Terms 61
II. Methods of Defining Terms 63
III. Issues 72
Exercises 84
Chapter 5 Exploring the Controversy 86
I. Brainstorming for Ideas 87
II. Locating Materials 88
III. Reading with a Purpose 98
IV. Reading Critically 99
V. Recording Materials 99
VI. Organizing Materials 102
Exercises 104
Chapter 6 Evidence 105
I. Sources of Evidence 108
II. Types of Evidence 112
III. The Probative Force of Evidence 122
Exercises 125
Chapter 7 Tests of Evidence 126
I. Uses of Tests of Evidence 126
II. Tests of Credible Evidence 129
III. Tests of Audience Acceptability 145
Exercises 150
Chapter 8 The Structure of Reasoning 152
I. The Classical Structures 152
II. The Elements of Any Argument 163
III. Extending the Elements of An Argument 167
Exercises 168
Chapter 9 Types of Reasoning 169
I. The Degree of Cogency 169
II. Tests of Reasoning and Their Uses 173
viii CONTENTS
III. General Tests of Reasoning 174
IV. Types of Reasoning and Tests for Each Type 174
Exercises 187
Chapter 10 Obstacles to Clear Thinking 188
I. Fallacies of Evidence 190
II. Fallacies of Reasoning 191
III. Fallacies of Language 193
IV. Fallacies of Pseudoarguments 195
Exercises 202
Chapter 11 Requirements of the Case 204
I. Requirement to Present a Prima Facie Case 205
II. General Case Requirements 207
Exercises 212
Chapter 12 Building the Affirmative Case 214
I. Objectives of the Affirmative Case 216
II. Proposition of Value Affirmative Cases 216
III. Proposition of Policy Affirmative Cases 219
IV. Building for Optimum Capability 231
V. Alternative Debate Approaches 233
Exercises 233
Chapter 13 Building the Negative Case 235
I. Objectives of the Negative Case 235
II. Proposition of Value Negative Cases 237
III. Proposition of Policy Negative Approaches 240
Exercises 260
Chapter 14 Refutation 261
I. Shifting the Burden of Rebuttal 261
II. Purpose and Place of Refutation 262
III. Preparing for Refutation 263
IV. Arranging Material for Refutation 265
V. Selecting Evidence and Reasoning 265
VI. The Structure of Refutation 271
VII. Methods of Refutation 278
Exercises 279
CONTENTS ix
Chapter 15 Presenting the Case: Composition 280
I . Analysis of the Audience 280
II. Written and Oral Styles 285
III. A Philosophy of Style 286
IV. Factors of Style in Speech Composition 287
V. Rhetorical Factors in Speech Composition 291
VI. Editing 298
Exercises 299
Chapter 16 Presenting the Case: Delivery 300
I. Methods of Delivery 300
II. Steps to Good Delivery 305
III. Nonverbal Communication 306
IV. Special Considerations: Tournament Debate Delivery 311
Exercises 313
Chapter 17 Evaluating the Debate 314
I. Functions of the Judge 314
II. Judging Philosophies 320
III. Functions of the Ballot 329
IV. Special Ballots for Special Purposes 330
Exercises 331
Chapter 18 Academic Debate Formats and Cross-
Examination 332
I. Formats of Debate 332
II. The Audience 350
III. Adapting the Debate to Communications Media 352
Exercises 355
Chapter 19 Applied Parliamentary Debate 356
I . Sources of Parliamentary Debate Rules 357
II. The Order of Business 358
III. Presentation of Motions 359
IV. Precedence of Motions 360
V. Purposes of Motions 360
VI. Unanimous Consent 365
Exercises 365