ARGUING ABOUT EMPIRE Arguing about Empire Imperial Rhetoric in Britain and France, – 1882 1956 MARTIN THOMAS AND RICHARD TOYE 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©MartinThomasandRichardToye2017 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2017 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016953034 ISBN 978–0–19–874919–6 PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,21/1/2017,SPi Contents ListofFigures vii ListofMaps ix Introduction:ArguingaboutEmpire 1 1. Tunisia,1881–Egypt,1882 19 2. Fashoda,1898 49 3. TheRhetoricoftheMoroccanCrises,1905and1911 83 4. TheChanakCrisis,1922 122 5. WorldWarasImperialCrisis,I:ChangingPartners,1939–41 155 6. WorldWarasImperialCrisis,II:AlliesinConflict,1941–5 174 7. Suez,1956 195 Conclusion 230 Bibliography 237 Index 263 List of Figures 2.1. ‘HowSomePeopleInvadetheSoudan’,Punch,24September1898 67 2.2. Kitchenerasbigbadwolf,LePetitJournal,20November1898 79 3.1. ThearrivalofSaint-RenéTaillandier’sFezmission,1905 96 3.2. ‘TheStealer’,1905 98 3.3. MauriceRouvier’snewgovernment,5February1905 100 3.4. GeneralMoinierobservingBerberpositionsatthebattleofElArroussi,1911 113 4.1. Christmas1922Chanakpostcard 153 5.1. ‘N’oubliezpasOran!’ 164 6.1. ‘Nowmakehimdisappear’,DavidLowcartoon,TheEvening Standard,8December1942 185 7.1. ManchesterdemonstrationagainstBritishinvolvementintheSuezcrisis, 2October1956 211 7.2. ‘WipeSuezOut’,graffitiinNorthKensington,London 212 List of Maps 2.1. TheFrenchgeographicalsurveyoftheroutetoFashoda 50 3.1. TheFrenchconquestofMorocco 94 4.1. TheBritishEmpirebetweenthewars 124 4.2. TheChanakCrisis,1922 126 4.3. TheFrenchEmpirebetweenthewars 129 7.1. TheinvasionofEgypt,1956 196
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