Table Of Content

NPS ARCHIVE 1997.09 OYARZABAL, X. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS ARGENTINE SPACE ASSETS by Xavier Pablo A. Oyarzabal September, 1997 Thesis Advisor: Jeff Jenncr Second Reader: Thomas Betterton Thesis 09826 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ?m LIBRARY ^GRADUATESCHOOL sY CA 833435101 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No 0704- 0188 Publicreportingburdenforthiscollectionofinformationisestimatedtoaverage 1 hourperresponse, includingthetimeforreviewing instruction, searchingexistingdatasources, gatheringand maintainingthedataneeded,andcompletingandreviewingthecollectionof information. Sendcommentsregardingthisburdenestimateoranyotheraspectofthiscollectionofinformation, includingsuggestionsfor reducingthisburden,toWashingtonheadquartersServices, DirectorateforInformationOperationsand Reports, 1215Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA22202-4302,andtotheOfficeofManagementand Budget, PaperworkReduction Project(0704-0188 University)Washington DC20503. 1. AGENCYUSEONLY (Leaveblank) 2. REPORTFighting DATE 3. REPORTTYPEANDDATESCOVERED September 1997 Master"s Thesis 4. TITLEANDSUBTITLE 5. FUNDINGNUMBERS ARGENTINE SPACE ASSETS 6. AUTHOR(S) Oyarzabal, Xavier Pablo A. PERFORMING 7. PERFORMINGORGANIZATION NAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES) O8.RGANIZATION REPORT Naval Postgraduate School NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING/MONITORINGAGENCYNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES) M10O.NSIPTOONRSIONRGINAGGE/NCY REPORTNUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARYNOTES Theviewsexpressedinthis thesis arethose ofthe author anddo not reflectthe official policy orposition ofthe DepartmentofDefense ortheU.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITYSTATEMENT 12b.DISTRIBUTIONCODE Approvedforpublic release; distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) Thisthesis is an attemptto define how some ofthe commercial space assets already in use or under development could be usefultothe Argentine Navy as tools for better accomplishment oftheir basic missions. Research efforts involved investigatingpart ofwhat is available onthe international market and some space related international laws and policiesthat may represent limits formilitary use ofcivilian assets. Basically divided intwo main areas communications and remote sensing, thisthesis coversthebasics ofGEO and LEO , communication satellites and provides an overview of what could be expected from commercial remote sensmg systems. Through examples, the feasibility ofusmg civilian space assets in the military is demonstrated. Finally, an objective analysis is made to definethe best approach to improve Argentine Navy space capabilities. 14. SUBJECTTERMS NUMBER Low Earth Orbit Satellites, Geostationary Satellites, ORBCOMM, Remote O15F.PAGES Sensing, SPOT, SeaWifs. 275 16. PRICE CODE O17F. RSEEPCOURRITTYCLASSIFICATION O18F.TSHEICSUPRAIGTEYCLASSIFICATION O19F.ASBESCTURRAITCYTCLASSIFICATION 2L0I.MITATION OF Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified ABSTRACT UL NSN7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form298 (Rev.2-89) Prescribed byANSIStd.239-18 1 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited ARGENTINE SPACE ASSETS Xavier Pablo A. Oyarzabal Lieutenant Commander, Argentine Navy Argentine Naval Academy, 98 1 Submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPACE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 1997 ABSTRACT This thesis is an attempt to define how some ofthe commercial space assets already in use or development could be useful for the Argentine Navy as a tool for better accomplishment oftheir basic missions Research efforts involved investigating part of what is available on the international market and some international laws or policies referred to space that may represent limits for military use ofcivilian assets. Basically divided in two main areas communications and remote sensing, this thesis cover the , basics ofGEO and LEO communication satellites, and provides an overview of what could be expected from commercial remote sensing systems. Through examples, the feasibility ofusing civilian space assets in the military is demonstrated. Finally, an objective analysis is made to define the best approach to improve Argentine Navy space capabilities. VI OXLIBRARY TGRADUATESCHOOL CA 93943-5101 i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. 1 MISSIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 7 II. A. BACKGROUND..... 7 B. GENERAL MISSION STATEMENT 11 1. Mission Statement #1 14 2. Mission Statement #2 14 CONSTRAINTS C. 14 1. Constraint # 1:Limited Funding 15 2. Constrain 2 No action in space matters can be taken that is contrary to the National Policies 18 3. Constraint #3 No action can be taken that is contrary to International Space Law 20 III. COMMUNICATION SATELLITES IN GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT 27 A. INTRODUCTION 27 B. GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES 28 C. WHAT CIVILIAN SPACE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN GEO COULD BE AVAILABLES FOR ARGENTINE NAVY NOW AND IN THE NEAR FUTURE? 32 D. HOW CAN THE ARGENTINE NAVY USE COMMERCIAL GEO SATELLITES TO SUPPORT NAVAL OPERATIONS? 33 Requirements 33 1. Vll INMARSAT 2. 39 INTELSAT 3. 42 4. Challenge Athena as an Example of Implementation 47 5. Legal concerns in the use ofINTELSAT and INMARSAT with military purposes 51 6. Argentine Implementation 54 BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING GEO COMMERCIAL E. SATELLITES 57 1. Benefits 57 2. Disadvantages 60 SUMMARY F. 62 IV. COMMUNICATION SATELLITES IN LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO) 63 A. INTRODUCTION 63 B. LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITES 64 C. WHAT CIVILIAN SPACE COMMUNICATION BIG LEO'S SYSTEMS COULD BE AVAILABLE FOR ARGENTINE IN THE FUTURE? 67 IRIDIUM 67 1. 2. GLOBALSTAR 72 3. TELEDESIC 76 4. Probable Availability 81 D. MILITARY APPLICATIONS 82 1. Benefits 83 2. Disadvantages 85 SUMMARY E. 86 Mil