Arenas of Language Use

219 Pages·1992·17.623 MB·

by  Herbert H. Clark

Arenaosf L anguagUes e
HerberHt. Clark
TheU niverosfCi htiyc aPgroe ss
&
Centfoerrt hSet udoyfL anguage
andI nformation
TheU niverosfCi htiyc aPgroe sCsh,i ca6g0o63 7
TheU niverosfCi htiyc aPgroe sLst,dL .o,n don
Centfoerrt hSet udoyfL anguaangedI nformation
© 199b2y t hCee ntfeortr h Set udoyfL anguaangdeI nformiaotn
LelaSntda nfoJrudn iUonri versity
Alrli ghrtess erPvuebdl.i s1h99e2d
Prinitnet dh Uen itSetda toefAs m erica
010 09 99 89 79 69 59 49 39 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
CIdPa taac,k nowledagnmedon tthsie,nr fo rmation Acknwoledgmetns
appeaatrt heen dof t hbeo ok
Doisncgi einslc iepk lea yiinan s gt rqiuntager tI.td epeonndt sh e
talent, inttrteaygia,rnn iidden dgi,c oafat lioloft n h pea rticipants. It
aldseop eonntd hse aibri tloiw toyri kne nsemNbool neie.nt hqeu artet
sounadnsy btehtattneh oret her aplllatoyhwee trmoss ounTdh.a t
isa st rufoer tmhieg hfitrys t vfoirot lhileno wvlaiyso Alnadw. h en
everywtohrijknsusgtr igthhtme,u siisec x hiilnaagrn aadtd elitgoh t
hear.
Fomre d,o isncgi ehnabcsee eanp leapsruercebi seeclaoyuft s hee
ensemIbh laevfasel lienwn i tIhh .a vbee epnr ivitlowe ogrwekid ts hu ­
pervbi olihnairwsdot rsk,vi inogl ainscdth se,ec reflullEi vsewtnhs e.n
ourre cihtaeavnlsg' otn ase w elalst hesyh ouhladve ev,ew nh ewne
havree ceoinvlpeyod l ite waeph palveaenu jsoety,hem edu saincya wy,
anwde h avlee arfrnoemid t O.u nre xrte ciwtearalels w abyest ter.
Myc ollaboonrt ahcteho arpsit ne rctsoh lilse wcetrSieao mBn u t­
triTchko,m Caasr lRsiocnh,Ga errdr ig, MCaartshheEardliwlna,re d
SchaeMfeirc,h Sacehlo bReorb,eS rcth reuadnedDr e,a nWnial kes­
GibbTso. thIoe wme i nexprgersastibiltBeuu dtme a.n oyf t he
ideraesp resheenrdteee vde looupotefo d t hceorl labowriatSthui soanns
BrennEalnlF,er na nScuiskHa,an v ilEalnldIe,sn a aBcasr,bM aarlat ,
DaniMeolr rGorwe,g Mourryp hKya,r Reanv n, RGeidseekDleaarl ,e
SchuannkHd,e atShtearr k. ITo ow teth sheae mmge r atiMtaundye .
othhearvsre e acdo,m menotnoe,rd e orffeadd voincoe n oera notohfe r
thecshea ptaentrdhs e,iy n cludBea cKPheh,ni tBl airpn aLradw,r ence
BarsaIlrovuBi,in egd erAmlaenx,aB nedlryaa KeeviaBt,rh o wHne,l en
Clark, FloreDnacveEi vda EndAswn,anF reerd nsa,lC hda,r Flielsl ­
morJea.,m eFosx ,S imoGna rrGoedr,a Gladz dRaary,m onGdi bbs,
JerHroybe bM,a rJka ckPshoinJl,oi hspon Lnaidr,P auKla yG,e orge
-
LakoMffa,rL ke ppWeirl,lL eemv eSluts,La ynt Ae.P, . M artinich,
JerMroyr gGaenor,ffe Nyu nbeLra1w1r ePnacuMela ,rL yo uPirsae,t t
v
viA C/K NWOLEDGMENTS
ChrisRtiilnIeveya ,Sn a gE,d waSrmdi tNhe,iS lm itRho,b eSrtta l­
nakaenrKd,e iStthe nnMiync go.l labaonrIda ttohrasn akl lt hem
fohro lduistn ogh igshetra ndTahrrdosu.g thhowiuostr t kh ehraes
beeonnp el aeysepre ccioamlmliytt ott heqedu aliotuywr o roakfn, d
thaist VE.vC el aSrkhh.ea bse enc olal abaor reaatdaoce rrr,i,a t ic,
promoatnemdro ,r e.h aspS lhaeys eedc ovnidot loi non noe .
Fofirn anscuipaplIo a rmti ,n detbott ehCdee nteArd vfaonrc ed
Stuidnyt hBee havSicoireantlch Ceees n,tf eotrrh Set uodfyL an­
guaagneId n formatthMieao xnP ,l anIcnks tfiotPrus tyec holinguistics, Contents
thNea tiIonnsatloi fMt euntteHa ela ltthNhea, t iSocniaelFno ucned a­
tiotnh,Ne e derlandsev oOoWrretg eannisscahOtanipdeee lrizjoke k,
anSdt anUfonridv eHroswietIvya e.mrt oa ddryeosuts,h aynoku .
Introducxi tion
ParIt
CommoGnr ounadn dL anguaUgsee 1
1 DefiRneifetreea nncMdeu tual Knowledge 9
2 Contfeoxrt Compre6h0e nsion
,.C3o mmon Garnotduh Unend d erstoafn ding
DemonsvteRr eeafrteinc7e8
ParItI
Discouarss eC ao llaborPartoicvees s
101
4 Referraisan C go llaborati1v0e7 Process
5 Contritbou tDiinsgc 1o4u4r se
. __
il UnderstbayAn dddirnegas nsOdev eesr hea1r7e6r s
ParItI I
Au d�ieD esignL anignu aUgsee 199
� earaenrSdsp eeAccht s2 05
I
'8D ealwiintOghv ehre are2r4s8
.-C9o nceOanlei'nsg MfreoamOn vienrgh ea2r7e5r s
ParItV
CoordinoaftM ieoann ing2 99
10M akiSnegno sfNe o nSceen s3e0 5
11U nderstOalnWddo ridnwsgi tNhe wM eanin3g4s1
12W odrs, thea nTWdho erPilords, s ibi3l6i6t ies
Bibliog3r8a1p hy
NamIen de4x0 2
SubjIencdte4 x0 7
vii
Arenaso fL anguagUes e
Introduction
Whewne t hionflk a nguuasgee,t hwioenfa k c tiviinwt hiielcsahn ­
guapglea ayn se cesrsoalrey. Woeffa cteh-itnock-o fancvaeetr isons;
telepchoonnvaeet risroenasd;ai nnwdgr itlientgtn eoervlsas,n,n d e ws­
papeprust;to inan ngwd a tchinmgo vpilaeansytd,se ,l evsihsoiwosn;
takpianrigt nc outrrti foarlmsam,le etianngrdse ,l icgeiroeumso nies;
anedv etna lktioon nge sTehlefas.re e a raelonllfa a sn guusaTegh.ee y
araelt lh eaotfaec rtsii no nw pheiocdpholt eh iwnigtlsha nguBaugte .
whaatc tidoopn eso tpalikene tahreesnaean hsdo, dw o t heyt hdeom ?
Thaitts h foec uosft hciosl lection.
Wec avni elwa nguuasigenme a nwyay sO.n ewa yi st ot reiatt
asa c laosfhs u maanc tiTohneswn.e miagshkWt:h adtop eodpol e
witlha nguWahgaeat?r t eh egiorat lhsei,in rt entBiywo hnapstr? o ­
.
cessetsh eaydc oh itehvegeso ea lAsn?o tmhoerrce,o mnmv oieiwts o
trelaatn guusaaegsa ep rod,ou rec xtpreosfps eioopncl,oe m'pse tence
inal anguSaowg ee .m iagsihknt s tHeoawdd o:p eopprloed auncde
undertshtseae nndt eonftc heelsia rn guWahgaeit?ts h lei bnekt ween
languusaagene td h ger ammoaftr hl ea nguTahgreo?u gthhociuostl ­
lectIhi aovnte,a ktehnfie r st avntidre ewa ltaendg uusapegr ei marily
ash umaanci tviLteymt.e breixepfllwyah iyn.
Two 'fraditions
Foarl ontigm set,u doefln atnsg udaigdrene 'atl ly separate the study
ofl anguafrgoemt husest euo dfly a ngsuatgreu cBtoutwrhee rp.ea rt
ofab roasdteuordf lyn a gageIna bo1u9t6 t0h,ab te gtaocn h ange.
u .
Witthhi en trodoufgc etnieorlnai tnigvubeiy Ns otaiCmch so mstkhye,
twboe gtaobn e c onsiddiesrtetidhn ocuctgo,hn neficeldtsoe fsdt ,u dy.
ForC homskiywt, a ess setnodt iisatli pnegoupillsiehn' gscu oimsptei­c
tencteh,e ciarp actitopyr oduacen rde cogtnhsieez net eonfc etsh eir
laniuafgreo,tm h eir Ungul1tic hpootwrhf eoayrc mtaunapclrelo,yd uce
xi/iA RENAOSFL ANUGAGUES E INTRODUC/Tx IiOiNi
anudn derustsaeonsftd h esseen teonnpc aerst ioccuclaasrIi nho inss . phecrasm teo cbael plreadgt miacsp-airna wliltpehhl o ongoyml,o r­
viecwo,m petiepsne coept laeck'insto wloetfdh geleia rn guaantgdhe i,s pholsoygnyt,aa nxsd,e mantitchste-r baudtia tsii teo vno lwvaesd
irse presbeytn htgeer da mrm-ahter uloefps h ongoyml,oo rpghyo,l o mucbhr oatdheatrnh aItti. n clnuodoten dla yn albyusatil sos bos er­
syntaanxsd,e macn.sPt eirformiaasnr ceefl ecotfti hocinos m petence, vaotnia nedx periment.
buitt s uiebscj ttoa dditpiroinnacli ples. Thper odauncadtc ttiroand itthieoanrnb,esu ,io lnvt e rdyi fferent
Int htirsa d-ilteitoc namilettl h per uocdttr aditwialosa nr-gietl y fuondatTihopenr so.d turcatd sittaiwroitntls ha ngsutarguec atnudr e
upt oe xperipmseyncthaoll itnodg icusoivstethrpie rc is ncoiflp ilne­s investhiogwia tit sme asne isiftns pkeianagn ldi st.e nTiahncegt ion
guispteircfo rmaMnacnoeyf. t heisnev estiwgearateti toenmtspo t s tradsittaidroitnrs e wcittwlhhy a pte opdlowe i tlha nguaanigdne v es­
confitrhm"e p sychorleoagloiiflct iaynl g usitsrtuic.ct"O u nrceel sassic tigahtoewts h awtor ksA.sa ne xeprimepnstyaclh oIlb oeggiiasnnt ,
seroifee xsp erifmoeernx tasm,pc loem,p atrhededi fficuolfut nyd er­ thper odturcatd iBtuittoh mneo. r peh enoImw eonrako entd,h meo re
stanpdaisnssgie vnet elnicJkeoesh w,na k si sbsyMea rdy w,i tthh eaicr­ It urnteod a tchteti roand fioterix opnlt ainoans.
ticvoeu ntret,lrs ipMkaaery k isJsoehdTn h.ie d ewaats h asti npcaes ­
sisveen tetnackmeeos rs et eptsh ediienrr iviant igtorhnae m rm athan ThreeT enetosf L anguagUes e
actsievnet etnhceoeyus g,ah ltst oot akleo ntgoeu rn dersTthaen d.
Lemte i llusstervaaeldtr ieffe enrcbeest wtehepenr odauncadt c tion
experiwmeeranenti sn istuicaclae lstsh,ot uhgechio rn cluwseiroe ns
tradibtydi eosncsr tihbrtieeneng Ie h tasvc eo mteoh olfodrt hset udy
latreeri nrteetarespbd o tlhi nguainpsdrt oicce tshsreiionceghs ga end.
ofl anguuasgee.
Duritnhgse a mpee riboudlt,a rgoeultysl iidneg uainspdts iyc­s
cholingtuhiedsretevi eclsqo,up ieatdd ei ffearpepnrto taolc ahn guage TENET:I nl anguuasugete,t eranmcoerbsea satirhceas ne ntences.
useIw. i clalil ttl h aec ttiroiantd iAottn h.be e ginintwi anmsgo st Senteanracef e usn damceantteaoglflo arnyg usatgreu cTthuerye .
closaeslsyo cwiiatttheh Odex fdo prhilosJoophhAneu rsstP ianu,l aroen oef theu nbitathssati thcg e r amrmo afal anguiaasgs es umed
GriacneJd, o hSne arAlcec.o rtdoiA nugs twihne,pn e opulsleea n­ tog enerTahteehy.a v aew eldle finsetdr ucStoui rnte h.pe r oduct
guatgheea yrd eo itnhgi wnigtwsho rdAsto. n lee vtehlea,yr m ea king tradiittii soo nnl,y ntaoat suwkrh aalrt o tlhea stt rucptluairynes
sounAdtsa .n otlheeevlrt, h eayr eex prewsosriadnnsgsd e ntences. thper oceosfss peesa akniudnn gd earnsdt.iT nhgger amrmp aresdi,c t
At anloetvhteehlrea, yr i es suuitntge raAntc easn.lo etvhteehlre, y foerx almept,h atths ee nteTnhgceae mwea rdweant cthhpeeod a cher
armea kiansgrs teiroenqsu,ea sptosl,o gsiteaisnl.ol t Alhtee vtreh le,y wibtihn ociusl asrtrsua cmtbuirgauOlonluqeysu .e sttoii novne stigate,
arter ytiong egot t hteorb se litehviend gisv,ui lngfoer mabteicoonm,e theinsh, o wl istpernoecrteshs aastm biguFiomtroy s.it n vestigators
frighdt.eI nnae dditaicocno,rt doGi rnigpc eeo,p le omredainn arily int hper odvuicetuw t,t eraarnseci emspt loyk eonfss e nteTnhcaets .
thibnygw sh atth euyt t.Te hreiyn ttehneda idrd retsors eeceosg nize makes utotfse ercaornnycid enast e.r est
certoafti hnei inrt enatnitdo hnarste, q utihreecislr oc soeor paieton. In atchteti roand iittii suo tnt,e rtahnaactrem eso rbea sTiack.e
Althotuhwgeoh ri ktn h tirsa dsittraitioenpnd h iplhoyiss,too osnp read I'hmo tA.sa s enteintic saeu ,n itth ahta bse eanb straawcatye d
tol ingcu,spi ssytcihoalnoadgr yt,ii finctieall.l 1i gence from saplelas kt,ei rmpelsa,c aenscd,i rcumsitnwa hnicicetmhs i ght
Gradutahlaelc yt tiroand ibteigtoaonni nclluidneg uaicsttiiocn s beu tteIrtce admn.e a"nT hpere sount tget rhisinesn tiesna,ct e the
thafteo lult sAiudsetG irni,ac neSd,e arolrei'gfrsia nmaelw ork. There timoefu tterlaunc"cka eyl,,t hioutcg aahnl mseo aont htehri nIgns .
waWsi llLiaabmo svoi'cosl inwgoukri sontnai rcr aatniodvn le asn guage contarnau sttt,e roafIn 'chmeo n te cesisnavroialls vype esa ker, time,
in siotcsci oanlt. Te hxetwreer Hear veSyak c'sE,m anuSeclh e'gsl,o ff ·plaancsdee ,ot fc ircumsWthaenInuc tetse.ir tteo md y s odnu rian g
anGda iJeleff rsoann'aslo yfcs oensv ersianttieioronaTnach.lte wreer e gamoefp okIe r,m eawnatls u cIsk ohy e,h abde trbt eecta utiously.
ErviGnogff masnoi'cosl osgtiucdaoilfle asn guianig net erascetti­onal Whya re uttmeorrbaean sciienlcs a nguuasgeFe?ri sitt, u ti­s
tinTghswe.o rtkh afotl lomwoesddt i refcortmtl hyOe x ofrpdh iloso- teraanncdne osst e ntetnhcawetesa ctuparloldyuh ceeaor,rr, e ad.
Wen evheeraa pr i eocfle a ngutahgaiets np'rtuo cdebdya p articu­
1A ustgianvh ei Wsi lliJaamm eLse ctu"rHeostw o d ot hinwgistw ho rdisn1" 9 55 lasrp eafokrae p ra rtiacuudliaoernna pc aer tioccuclaasSrit orni.c tly
andG ripcueb lis"hMeeda niinn1g 9"5 7T.h ese asraem tetw hoye e atrhsa Cth om­ speakiiitsan c ga,t emgiosrtyta osk pee oafsk e ntence comprehension
skfiyn ishheiddsi sseratnadpt uibolni hsihfiesrd s t inflmuoennotgiraSalyp hn tactic
Structures. ors entpernocdeu acst.m iaoninyn, v estdiog.a tmoAarlnseuy ot ,t er-
xi/vA RENAOSFL ANUGAGUES E INTRODUCITx vI ON
ancaersne o tto keonfs se nteantac leTlsh. e ayr e ph(rea.Asg ce.us,p ora naltyhzseee nteuntctee reudt-ttehresa tnrcieop fps epde aker,
ofc oeff?e),w ordSso yr,()ro ra tomuincit thsca atn nboept a rotfss e n­ addreasndsc eier,c umsTthaiinsascs etsr.ao snsg umpatncidlo ena rly
ten(cAeh,sH! el).lA onda,sG rincoet tehde,ay ro ef tneonlt i nguistic nottr iunge e ne(rsaCelhe a pt1e0ar ns1d) 1.Ii fwt e reev,e rwyoounled
havree jeacsnt oends easn isgetn h astt ooondt hwea lolfa L ondon
ata lblu,gt e stouror tehsae crt iIonan dsd.i tmioosuntt, t ercaonnc­es
hospfioatrn a ulm boeyfr e a"rNsho:e aidn jiutsro yto r itvoii ganl.o "r e
taeilne mtehnagttrs a mrmsha ave no foasrcu,cca ohsut nhbteo ldface
elemiennt thasic st uutatle :r ance TENET:I nl anguuasgesep, e a'ksmee raniispn rgi armya,nd w orodr
sentmeenacneai rndege rivative.
buyto u istie sse ug ie nesroi its's lo.l a nybwohdoiy s l ooking
fourh m .a a nichteo fi ti ta r eady-nmiac.dhi eenE ngslhi Woradn sde ntmeenacnehi anvge alwfiaryssit nt choemooerf i es
grammtaofir ti .ti n.ti oss o rbte gogffoi rtn hgme o o-n-y ous ee langusatgreu cTthuertsehe.e oarsiseutsmh teat hmee anoifans ge n­
tenlciekT eh gea mwea rden twhapeto cahcwehidetb rhi nloaciruss
Spontasnpeeoeiucslsh i ttweirtiehnd t erjaencsdte ilofn-slr iekpea irs
ac omposoiftt himeoe na nionfig tpssa t rsJ.u satst hweo rgdas me
thesTeh.ei rsen oa p riroeraist oorn u le otuhotef ts hese t uodfy
wadrewna,t ,wc ih"ta hntdh ree gsetct o mbinelda raignneldtra o r ger
languusajegu ebs etc atuhseaeyr egne'nte rbaytt hegedr ammnaorirs,
syntaccotnisct ruscott hieoinrs ,mg eeactno imnbgiisnnl e adr agnedr
thearnery e atsoor nuo lueut t tertahnaacrtene so s te enntcBeost.ah r e
larsgeemra nretpinrcte asteiTohnerse .si ustlh tme e anoifnt ghs ee n­
parotft haeu thesnptoinct,al nioefefeo vuyesdr yal anguEaxgcel.u ding
tencIent. hp er odturcatd ijtuiasosttn h,se e ntiesbn acsesi oic s, it
thecmo uolndld yi stooutrrh te oorfli aensg uuas2ge e.
natutrota alkw eo radn sde ntmeenacneai snp gr iamry.
Thaes sumptthiasoten n teanrbceae sshi acasm orien sidious influ­
Fomra niyn vestiing atthoert sra acdtiiitncoi onon nt,ir tat shtie,s
encIett. e mputsis n sttou dlyiiunniggse tpxirce swsiiotnhtsoh uitn king
spea'kmsee raniwnhgat,th sep keeamre awnist ahnu ttertahnaictse ,
abotuhtse p eatkiemrpe,l, a acnecd,i rcumsotfta hneuciterts e rance.
priamryS.pa ek'emsre aniivsne gr dyi ffefrroemnw to radn sde ntence
Buitti sp recitshseepl eya tkiemrpe,l, a acndec ,i rcumsotfaa nn ces
mean.iA nsGg riacreg uietda ,t i yspo efi ntentthiaotn shpaevaek ers
uttertahnadctie s titnhgseut iusodhfly a nguuasfrego emt hset uodfy
towaarddd resWsheeIens s a."y S diotw nIi" n teynotudo r ecognize
langsutarguec Lteumtre r ee.t tuotr hna em bigsueonutsTe hngeca em e
thta wIa nyto ut os idto wna,n dIe xpeycotut o s eteh aitnp art
wardewn atcthhpeeod a cwhietbrhi naorcsIu. l wouutlttdeh rsi esn ­
byr ecogntihtzav ienrigyn tenn.Wt oiroadn sd entmeenacnei ng, on
tenocne soocmsceia oonnl iyff ,oe rx ampIl eh,ap da rat ipcoualcahre r
thoet hhearn adr,se t ateambeoncutotsn voenntsth iahto lwdi thin
in mainnbdde litehvametyda ddrecsosuieldede nhtiifrmfo ymo ur
communoifpt eioeptslh eae tn atbhlweeo radnssd e ntetnobc eue sse d
sharbeadc kgr(osuCenheda pt1e2,r,a s n 3d) I.w ouhladvt eob elieve
asa w ayo fm eaning Htohtc ianmnge sa".nl u,c"sk owy heIns ya,
hew ausn iqiudeelnyt aisfi" atbphleoae c hweirtb hi nuolca.r"Ts huet ­
"I'hmot Ic" a mne atnh aIat m l ukcyI.nG ricaer'gsu mweonrtad,ns d
terainoscn ela ym bigwuhoeuinst s tirsi opfip tessdp e aakdedrr,e ssee,
sentehnacvmeees a noinnligyns of aarsa s pkeeacra mne asno mething
timaen,cd i rcums"tYeasno,cfc e osu.r ser,el"p,y y"osuo i stwh hea t
byu sitnhge Tmh.a mta ksepse earkm'esa npirniagmr y.
probleTmh?ep" r obilstea hmt i,n mpossytc hoelxoepgriicmaeln ts,
Doeistm attwehri tcyhp oefm eaniwent ga ke ptroia mrbye­
utterlaintkcehees aser set ribpapreoedrn, e abralrybe e,f tohreeay r e
woradn sde ntmeenacneio nrsg p,ke earm'esa niYnesgi,?dt o easg,a in
presetnost uebdj eTchtess u.b jaerctetr se aatsie ftd h ehya jdu st
becaoufts hee iwetan yc ouursat gote hsi Innkt .hpe r odturcatd ition
begouvne rheaac roinnvge rsations tbreatnNwgoeewetr nhs e.rt ew o theirnseo n eetdol o?frkut htehra n owrso erendnt cmee aniOnn�ge.
isn othwirnognw gi tsht udyoivnegri hnegBa.ur tt hat nmoubtse t
investhiagvadeti osrcso vered how tphemeoe palneoi fnu gn derstand
confwuisteshdt uidnuygn derstbayan dddirnegs seeso.fu n­Theories
thsee nteTnhcgeea mwea rden twhapeto hcaehcwreid tb hi noculars
derstawnidnliolnbt ge stahmefoe r a ddreasnsfdeo eorsv erhearers '.
thehya vsea ialdtl h enye etdos ya.S pkeearm'esa nitnhgea,ys sume
(sCehea pt6e,7r ,8s ,a n 9d ).
follodwisr efrcotmwl oyr adn sde ntmeenacneoi nnctge h eaydc de rtain
Thper odturcatd imtaikaoes snt roansgs umpatbiolouantn guage
infortmiaofrno mc ontext.
usTeo:p rodouruc ned erasntu atntde raap necresh,oa tnsofo rmulate
Buwte c anntoatkt ehm iosd oeful n derstfoargn rdainnWtghe edn.
Iu tt"eIr'h mo tw,h"aI tm eains ne'xth aubsywt hetdat hsee nctee n
:1Thllcs1e rtainnoltty o d enyt hee xisteonfcs ee ntenacnedst heir struTchteuyr e.
areJ ustn ota sb asitcol anguaugseea su ttereasn.c I'mh omte anesv,eo nn cIe i s ttiom eed,t htee nosfae m t ot he
xv/i AREONFAL SA NGUUAGSEE INROTDUCTI/Ox Nv ii
momeInp tr oduictae,ndh d o ttot hmee an"ilnug"c D keypn.edionng as eotfs entewnictpehas r timceualnairIn tig assc .l aosfcs o llective
thcei rcumIsc toauanllcdmse eo,a "nT hiiwssh y Is omh aanvpyeo ker activiinwt hiisecpshe akmeera'npsil nagay n se cesrsoalIrenty. h ese
chioprs" "dI o nw'atnt tog oh omjeu ysetto "rm anoyt htehri (nsgese acti,vs ipteiaetksaekarecs t iboywn hsi tchhem ye atnh inagntsdh, e ir
Chapt7e,8r ,as n 9d )W.h aitsm orpee,o polfte en seunttteenrc es, partners wciottohhr eidmnti rnyatitounen g d erwshtaattnh dem ye an.
liOkuer e lecttpyreiwicrt geormt a riretdh,a atru en grammoart ical The otftw hoe tmrt yor eaccehr tgaoiasnlo smj,eo ianntod t hneor.ts
semantaincoamlabllyygo ruasm mactriictbaeulrpt ie ar,fo ercdtilnya ry Languuasgteeh eretfaokprelesa ncoeit n a vacbuuuitmn h, i ghly
anadc cepitna bctlihere c ums(tCaahpntc1ee0rass n 1d 1I)n.t hese strucatrueronefaad cs t iHoenraser.t e h rpereo peorftth ieaesrsee s n:a
anmda noyt hcears weess ,i mpclayn not whdaestrp ievaemk eearns
ParticipTahnetarsre.ae l watywoso r m orpee opinlveo ilnav ne d
fromt hmee anionfg wsto hread nssd e ntetnhceueyss eI .nl anguage
areonfla a nguusa(eghC ea pt7ae nr8d ) T.h pea rticairtpeha en ts
usteh,e iraseg redaetam lor teoa ccofuotnrht asne ntmeenacnei ng.
peopwlheot akdei rpeacrittn ctuhrer sepneta kaecrt'iso ns-the
TENET: Speaaknildni gs taerneiannu'gtt o noamcotuisvb iupttai retss, speatkheaerd ,d reasnscdee ersts,ao i-ncs ailpdlaeer dt itcsAi.np ya n
ofc olleaccttiivvei ties. othpeero palreo uanrdce o nsibdyesrteadon rde eaervssd roppers
Int he prtordaudcisttp ieoaankn,ild ni gs taerngeie nnge rally treat­ precbiescealtuyhs edeyon otta kdei rpeacrittnt heascet iIonn s.
eda sa utonopmrooucsel sisskheeas k ais ntgip clka,ya ip nigas nool o, mosatr entahse, participanrtoslt ehhshaa etvld epe fianded itional
orp addalo inneg- pkearayskTo.hn e ayr per ocetshsaientsv estigators whatth esyaa yn mde aTnh.e mya yb ec learnkcd u stoimnetre,r ­
casnt ubdyly o okaitin ngd iviinid suoallasTt hiieod nie.tsa h iSse.n ­ vieawneidrn teerevb,io esawsned m pl,oo yrte eeacahnesdrt ud.e nt
tenacrebesa ssioc i,isi m tp orttoa nstht outwdh yea yrp er oduacnedd Sociparlo cesTshepesa. r titcspi'rp iamnbaursyi innae nsaysr ena
undteorosTdh.em o srte liwaabytl oie ne vstitghaeptirero duicst ion ofl anguuasigese nt 'atlp ker Istie st. oa ccomspolmiseso hc ial
tos huitn divuipdi unaat lesl epbhoooantweha y afrldolim s tractions procesgso-stsoi p, ab cuosmiptnlreeastnses aecnttieoernat,ca hi n
anmde astuhreaeic rt iaostn hseu yt tseern teAnncdte hse. rmeolsit­ othseorl,av p er obtloegme thera,n ldie nasottrenr v,ue pcnat s s
abwlaety o s tuudnyd erstiatsno d isinhngud ti vuipdi una sltashm ee thtei mHeo.wl angiuusas geeid ne acahr edneap eonnwd hsa tth e
telepbhooonsteeh r,tv heeu mt teroafsne cnetset nhcreoesua grhp hones socpiraolci ess.s
oro na v idsecor eaenmnde, a stuhrereie ra ctTihoaintrss o .u ghholwy Collievcaetc tionTsh.pe a rticiapnaa rnetonsfla a inng uuasgee
most expienpr siymcehnotlsip nrgouciesetdi.c s engaignce o lleacswt eilvlae u tonoamcotuisTo hneshy.a vteo
In atchteti roand ihtoiwvoeenar,g , r owviineigwst hastp eaking itfh eayrt eoa ccomtpashl seio schpi raolc etshseheyas vs eeo tu tto
anldi staernpeia nrogtf cs o lleocrjt oii,van ect,t iv(istCeiheea sp ters accompTlhiessyph ea.an kld i sitne nc ooornid,nci onlaltaiboration,
4, an56d,) W.h etnw poe opuslleea nguiaitgls ei s,kh ea khiann,gd s juasstt w poi anpilsaatdy su etto geatc hoeurwp,al let tzoegse ther,
playipnigad nuaoe o trp, a ddalt iwnpoge- rson Ittca aknceooseo :r di­ ort wgoy mnapsetrsft orrimtc okgse tThaekarew. ao yn oetf h e two
natieovnec,no llabtoora acthiiSoepnvae,ek .ia nngld i staernteiw nog particainpda lnyototssuhe pe h enomoefin notsne.t r e
parotfasc olleaccttiijvvueias tstsy u raespl lya ytihntegw po a rotfs
thpei adnuoe tt wapora ero tfasc olleaccttiiPvvleia tyyti.hpn erg i mo
FourI ssueosfL anguagUes e
paritnad uedte mandsm omrouefac p hi antihsaptnl aytihsneag m e
pripmaora lto Anneym. u siwciitlaelnyl oltu h .aS toa lthwoeu gmha y Int hciosl leItc atkiueopfo n u irs stuheaestm erfrgoemv iewlianng­
bea blteos tusdoym aes peocfdt usep tl aybiyln ogo kaittn hgte w o guaugseae sa c olleaccttiivvei ty:
pianiinis stosl awtem iuosuntl, t imsattuetdlhyye a mst hepye rform Commognr oundA.l lla nguuasrgeee s otnas fo undaotfi on
1.
thdeu eLti.k ewmiasneeys, s eanstpieaoclfst pse aaknildni gs tening informatiissoh na brytet hdhpa eat r tainctisp-wihtsae tc hnically
wielmle rognel y wwesh teuntd wypo e otpallek tioen agco ht her. caltlheedci orm mgorno undl.a nFgouurast geoeb ea c ollective
actiivtci otuyl,bd en 'ott heBrujwtui swsthe a.it st hciosm mon
Arenaosf L anguagUes e grouanndhd,o iwis nt e cesfsolarar nyg uusaeg?e
Thetsher teeen heetelspx plwahiyIsn p eoafak r eonlfaa sn guage use. 2.C ollatbiovrpear ocesWshesad.to eist mfeolaran n guusaeg e
Languuasigesme o rteh apne opplreo'dsu acntudin odne rstanding of tob ea c olleaccttiivveio tnyle?e vieAmtlte , a tnhsat the partic·
xvi/i iA REONFAL SA NGUAUGSEE
ipahnatvste oc oordwiinteahat ceoh t her-pteorc hoaoppse rate
int hwea Gyr ipcreo poseidnc. o enrBvsuatt icorna-odtfllh aeen ­
guaugsee -mieta snosm etmhoirnTegh. ep articailphsaaonv tes
toc ollawbiotrehaa tcoeht hHeorw.d oetsh ciosl labwoorrakt,i on
anwdh aatr teh e consequences?
3.A udience dSepesaikgdenor.nsj ' utst tat lok atihIrena. r enas
PartI
ofl anguuasgeteh, e y dtehseuiitgrtn e rfaontrch eepsia rr ticular
audieansac w easyo fa ccompltihseghioira.n l gsf Ican,t iistn 't
eastyoe ngineer umtotreterh aaonnnch eee sa artfoea trr i moer
Common Ground
tod eal owvietrhh. eJ aurwsethr aistas u dideenscieag nhndo, iw s
ietn gineered? andL anguagUes e
4.C ooridnatoifom ne aninTgh.ue s uaasls umiptsth iaotn, when
speaukseaerw so rtdh,ea yrs ei mpelxyp loointoeift n hgweo dr's
fixeddi ctimoenaanriAyn lglsn .ew eetd od oi lsi tshtem seea nings
ands eheo ws peaskeelraesmc otnt gh emB.u t astshuimsp tion
wond'otS. pe akuesrweso rodnsl yc oionr diwniattthhio eot nh er
particiinap naa rneotnfsaa c tiWohnat.th ey bmyae w aonro df ten
goesb efyaowrnh dac to uelvdeb refo undt hien wdoircdt'iso nary
entBruyht.o w?w hIawnta ydsot hter adimtoidoeonlfaws lo rd
usaen udn derstfaalsnlhd oirntg?
Theseh aarrtdehl ey onltyh daiitss stuitenhsgpe ur iosdahun cadtc tion
tradibtuittoh neasyri, em porotnaeWnsht.a t th ceo ntritbotu htiiso ns
boodke monesI,th roapitets,h tahtce o llencattoiulfvra een gguoaegse
fadre eperm atnhhyaa vnse u ppoBsuewtde c. a onn lsyet eh iiwfse
vielwa nguwaigtenh aitnu arraelno fau ss e.
IntroducttiooP na rtI
Commgorn ouinastd y poefs hariendfo rmaTthieo nc.o mmon ground
betwAenenan n Bdo bf,oe rx ampiltseh s,eu mo ft hrem iutukanlo wl­
edgmeu,t ubaell iaenfsmd,u tusaulpo psitiTohnets e.rw mas i ntro­
ducientd h is techansfi aacrsaI k l n oswe,Kn asrbety,t aunnde nP eters
(1795a)n Sdt aalkne(r91 78K)a.r ttaunnPdee nt ers chiaatrs a cterized
thsee otfp ropostihtaito ns
anyr atiopnaarlt ic(iipanan en xtc haonfgt ea liksr] a tiojnuasltliiyfin e d
takifonrgg rantfoered x,a mpblyev ,i rtoufwe h ahta sb eesna iidnt he
conversuaptt oti hoanpt o inwth,aa tl tlh pea rticairpieana n p toss ittoi on
perceasit vreuw eh,a teevlesre mtuhteuyak lnloyaw s,s uemtec,.
Stalnuaskeiedtfor r d escrais bpiena'gkps er resouspiptions:
Roughslpye aktihnpegr ,e suppoosfai tsipoenaaskr eer ptrhoep ositions
whoster uhteht akfoersg rantasep da rotft hbea ckgroofut nhdce o n­
versa.t iP.or ne. s uppoasriweth iaoitnst s a kbeynt hsep eatkoeb ret he
commong rounodf t hpea rticiinpt ahnceto sn verswahtaiitost nr,e aatse d
theciormm onk nowledogrme u tuakln owled(gSet alneamkpehra'sse s).
Thei debae hitnhtdeh rceoenb turtiiiontn hsfii rssp tar otft he book
its haAtn na nBdo bc anntoatlt koe acoht rhs euecscsfuwliltyh out
appeatloti hnecgio rm mgorno und.
Myi nteirnce osmtm gorno ugnrde w oofwu otrI kd iwdi th Susan
Haviliantn hedea r1l9y7 o0ngs i veann nde wi nformatiinEo nng lish
utterIannapc aepsie.n1r 9 6M7i,c hHaaelll hiadndao yt tehdsa pte ak­
ersse gmwehnattt h esyai yn tion formautniioutnss u,a clllayuo sre s
sentewnhcietcshh,e d yi viindteto wp oa rtOsn.e praerftteo ri sn ­
fomratithoyena ssutmheea idrd retsaskaeese" sge inv,an"ad s econd
parti ntroidnufocremsat thieaoysn s utmeheia rd drewsistlealeka ses
"ne.w"Th esyi gwnhiaclph art i wsh ichb yp lacfioncsgat lro ents hse
consttihttau eenxtpt rhenese siwen sfo rmaStowi iot"nhW. h aJto hn
diwda hsi Bt1 1t1h"s ep eatkaekireat ss g ivtehnJa to hdnis do mething