Arduino Cookbook,

796 Pages·2020·26.476 MB·English

by  Brian Jepson, Michael Margolis;

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Cookbook
Recipes to Begin, Expand, and Enhance
Your Projects
Michael Margolis,
Brian Jepson
& Nicholas Robert Weldin

THIRD EDITION
Arduino Cookbook
Recipes to Begin, Expand, and
Enhance Your Projects
Michael Margolis, Brian Jepson, and
Nicholas Robert Weldin
Arduino Cookbook
by Michael Margolis, Brian Jepson, and Nicholas Robert Weldin
Copyright © 2020 Michael Margolis, Nicholas Robert Weldin, and Brian Jepson. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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March 2011: First Edition
December 2011: Second Edition
April 2020: Third Edition
Revision History for the Third Edition
2020-04-16: First Release
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thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.
978-1-491-90352-0
[LSI]
Table of Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1. Getting Started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Installing the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) 6
1.2 Setting Up the Arduino Board 10
1.3 Using the Integrated Development Environment to Prepare an Arduino
Sketch 13
1.4 Uploading and Running the Blink Sketch 17
1.5 Creating and Saving a Sketch 19
1.6 An Easy First Arduino Project 22
1.7 Using Arduino with Boards Not Included in the Standard Distribution 27
1.8 Using a 32-Bit Arduino (or Compatible) 31
2. Arduino Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.0 Introduction 35
2.1 A Typical Arduino Sketch 36
2.2 Using Simple Primitive Types (Variables) 38
2.3 Using Floating-Point Numbers 40
2.4 Working with Groups of Values 43
2.5 Using Arduino String Functionality 48
2.6 Using C Character Strings 53
2.7 Splitting Comma-Separated Text into Groups 54
2.8 Converting a Number to a String 57
2.9 Converting a String to a Number 59
2.10 Structuring Your Code into Functional Blocks 62
2.11 Returning More than One Value from a Function 66
2.12 Taking Actions Based on Conditions 69
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2.13 Repeating a Sequence of Statements 71
2.14 Repeating Statements with a Counter 73
2.15 Breaking Out of Loops 76
2.16 Taking a Variety of Actions Based on a Single Variable 77
2.17 Comparing Character and Numeric Values 79
2.18 Comparing Strings 82
2.19 Performing Logical Comparisons 83
2.20 Performing Bitwise Operations 84
2.21 Combining Operations and Assignment 87
3. Mathematical Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.0 Introduction 89
3.1 Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, and Dividing 89
3.2 Incrementing and Decrementing Values 91
3.3 Finding the Remainder After Dividing Two Values 92
3.4 Determining the Absolute Value 94
3.5 Constraining a Number to a Range of Values 94
3.6 Finding the Minimum or Maximum of Some Values 95
3.7 Raising a Number to a Power 97
3.8 Taking the Square Root 97
3.9 Rounding Floating-Point Numbers Up and Down 98
3.10 Using Trigonometric Functions 99
3.11 Generating Random Numbers 100
3.12 Setting and Reading Bits 103
3.13 Shifting Bits 106
3.14 Extracting High and Low Bytes in an int or long 107
3.15 Forming an int or long from High and Low Bytes 109
4. Serial Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.0 Introduction 113
4.1 Sending Information from Arduino to Your Computer 121
4.2 Sending Formatted Text and Numeric Data from Arduino 125
4.3 Receiving Serial Data in Arduino 129
4.4 Sending Multiple Text Fields from Arduino in a Single Message 134
4.5 Receiving Multiple Text Fields in a Single Message in Arduino 141
4.6 Sending Binary Data from Arduino 144
4.7 Receiving Binary Data from Arduino on a Computer 149
4.8 Sending Binary Values from Processing to Arduino 151
4.9 Sending the Values of Multiple Arduino Pins 155
4.10 Logging Arduino Data to a File on Your Computer 159
4.11 Sending Data to More than One Serial Device 162
4.12 Receiving Serial Data from More than One Serial Device 167
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4.13 Using Arduino with the Raspberry Pi 172
5. Simple Digital and Analog Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.0 Introduction 177
5.1 Using a Switch 181
5.2 Using a Switch Without External Resistors 185
5.3 Reliably Detect (Debounce) When a Switch Is Pressed 188
5.4 Determining How Long a Switch Is Pressed 191
5.5 Reading a Keypad 196
5.6 Reading Analog Values 200
5.7 Changing the Range of Values 202
5.8 Reading More than Six Analog Inputs 205
5.9 Measuring Voltages Up to 5V 208
5.10 Responding to Changes in Voltage 211
5.11 Measuring Voltages More than 5V (Voltage Dividers) 213
6. Getting Input from Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.0 Introduction 217
6.1 You Want an Arduino with Many Built-in Sensors 219
6.2 Detecting Movement 223
6.3 Detecting Light 226
6.4 Detecting Motion of Living Things 228
6.5 Measuring Distance 230
6.6 Measuring Distance Precisely 236
6.7 Detecting Vibration 239
6.8 Detecting Sound 240
6.9 Measuring Temperature 245
6.10 Reading RFID (NFC) Tags 249
6.11 Tracking Rotary Movement 252
6.12 Tracking Rotary Movement in a Busy Sketch with Interrupts 255
6.13 Using a Mouse 258
6.14 Getting Location from a GPS 262
6.15 Detecting Rotation Using a Gyroscope 267
6.16 Detecting Direction 271
6.17 Reading Acceleration 274
7. Visual Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
7.0 Introduction 277
7.1 Connecting and Using LEDs 281
7.2 Adjusting the Brightness of an LED 285
7.3 Driving High-Power LEDs 286
7.4 Adjusting the Color of an LED 289
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7.5 Controlling Lots of Color LEDs 292
7.6 Sequencing Multiple LEDs: Creating a Bar Graph 295
7.7 Sequencing Multiple LEDs: Making a Chase Sequence 300
7.8 Controlling an LED Matrix Using Multiplexing 301
7.9 Displaying Images on an LED Matrix 305
7.10 Controlling a Matrix of LEDs: Charlieplexing 309
7.11 Driving a 7-Segment LED Display 315
7.12 Driving Multidigit, 7-Segment LED Displays: Multiplexing 318
7.13 Driving Multidigit, 7-Segment LED Displays with the Fewest Pins 320
7.14 Controlling an Array of LEDs by Using MAX72xx Shift Registers 323
7.15 Increasing the Number of Analog Outputs Using PWM Extender Chips 325
7.16 Using an Analog Panel Meter as a Display 328
8. Physical Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.0 Introduction 331
8.1 Controlling Rotational Position with a Servo 334
8.2 Controlling Servo Rotation with a Potentiometer or Sensor 337
8.3 Controlling the Speed of Continuous Rotation Servos 339
8.4 Controlling Servos Using Computer Commands 341
8.5 Driving a Brushless Motor (Using a Hobby Speed Controller) 342
8.6 Controlling Solenoids and Relays 344
8.7 Making an Object Vibrate 346
8.8 Driving a Brushed Motor Using a Transistor 348
8.9 Controlling the Direction of a Brushed Motor with an H-Bridge 350
8.10 Controlling the Direction and Speed of a Brushed Motor with an H-
Bridge 353
8.11 Using Sensors to Control the Direction and Speed of Brushed Motors 355
8.12 Driving a Bipolar Stepper Motor 362
8.13 Driving a Bipolar Stepper Motor (Using the EasyDriver Board) 365
8.14 Driving a Unipolar Stepper Motor with the ULN2003A Driver Chip 369
9. Audio Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
9.0 Introduction 373
9.1 Playing Tones 376
9.2 Playing a Simple Melody 379
9.3 Generating More than One Simultaneous Tone 381
9.4 Generating Audio Tones Without Interfering with PWM 383
9.5 Controlling MIDI 385
9.6 Making an Audio Synthesizer 389
9.7 Attain High-Quality Audio Synthesis 391
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10. Remotely Controlling External Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
10.0 Introduction 395
10.1 Responding to an Infrared Remote Control 396
10.2 Decoding Infrared Remote Control Signals 399
10.3 Imitating Remote Control Signals 403
10.4 Controlling a Digital Camera 406
10.5 Controlling AC Devices by Hacking a Remote-Controlled Switch 408
11. Using Displays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
11.0 Introduction 413
11.1 Connecting and Using a Text LCD Display 414
11.2 Formatting Text 418
11.3 Turning the Cursor and Display On or Off 420
11.4 Scrolling Text 422
11.5 Displaying Special Symbols 425
11.6 Creating Custom Characters 428
11.7 Displaying Symbols Larger than a Single Character 430
11.8 Displaying Pixels Smaller than a Single Character 433
11.9 Selecting a Graphical LCD Display 435
11.10 Control a Full-Color LCD Display 437
11.11 Control a Monochrome OLED Display 441
12. Using Time and Dates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
12.0 Introduction 447
12.1 Using millis to Determine Duration 447
12.2 Creating Pauses in Your Sketch 449
12.3 More Precisely Measuring the Duration of a Pulse 453
12.4 Using Arduino as a Clock 455
12.5 Creating an Alarm to Periodically Call a Function 463
12.6 Using a Real-Time Clock 466
13. Communicating Using I2C and SPI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
13.0 Introduction 471
13.1 Connecting Multiple I2C Devices 477
13.2 Connecting Multiple SPI Devices 481
13.3 Working with an I2C Integrated Circuit 484
13.4 Increase I/O with an I2C Port Expander 488
13.5 Communicating Between Two or More Arduino Boards 492
13.6 Using the Wii Nunchuck Accelerometer 496
14. Simple Wireless Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
14.0 Introduction 503
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14.1 Sending Messages Using Low-Cost Wireless Modules 503
14.2 Connecting Arduino over a ZigBee or 802.15.4 Network 511
14.3 Sending a Message to a Particular XBee 519
14.4 Sending Sensor Data Between XBees 522
14.5 Activating an Actuator Connected to an XBee 528
14.6 Communicating with Classic Bluetooth Devices 533
14.7 Communicating with Bluetooth Low Energy Devices 536
15. WiFi and Ethernet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
15.0 Introduction 541
15.1 Connecting to an Ethernet Network 543
15.2 Obtaining Your IP Address Automatically 548
15.3 Sending and Receiving Simple Messages (UDP) 549
15.4 Use an Arduino with Built-in WiFi 557
15.5 Connect to WiFi with Low-Cost Modules 560
15.6 Extracting Data from a Web Response 566
15.7 Requesting Data from a Web Server Using XML 571
15.8 Setting Up an Arduino to Be a Web Server 573
15.9 Handling Incoming Web Requests 579
15.10 Handling Incoming Requests for Specific Pages 583
15.11 Using HTML to Format Web Server Responses 588
15.12 Requesting Web Data Using Forms (POST) 592
15.13 Serving Web Pages Containing Large Amounts of Data 596
15.14 Sending Twitter Messages 604
15.15 Exchanging Data for the Internet of Things 607
15.16 Publishing Data to an MQTT Broker 608
15.17 Subscribing to Data on an MQTT Broker 610
15.18 Getting the Time from an Internet Time Server 612
16. Using, Modifying, and Creating Libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
16.0 Introduction 619
16.1 Using the Built-in Libraries 619
16.2 Installing Third-Party Libraries 623
16.3 Modifying a Library 625
16.4 Creating Your Own Library 628
16.5 Creating a Library That Uses Other Libraries 634
16.6 Updating Third-Party Libraries for Arduino 1.0 640
17. Advanced Coding and Memory Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
17.0 Introduction 643
17.1 Understanding the Arduino Build Process 645
17.2 Determining the Amount of Free and Used RAM 648
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