ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress in Adults PDF
Preview ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress in Adults
ARDS ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN ADULTS JOIN US ON THE INTERNET VIA WWW, GOPHER, FTP OR EMAIL: WWW: http://www.thomson.com GOPHER: gopher.thomson.com A service of I(!)P FTP: ftp.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress in Adults Edited by Timothy W. Evans and Christopher Haslett With a Foreword by Thomas L. Petty MD IU.11 Springer-Science+Business Media, B.v. ISBN 978-0-412-56910-4 ISBN 978-1-4899-3430-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-3430-7 Distributed in the USA and Canada by Singular Publishing Group Inc. 4284 41st Street, San Diego, California 92105 First edition 1996 © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1996. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1996 Typeset in 10/12 Palatino by Photoprint, Torquay, Devon Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographie reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-83464 i§ Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSI/NISO Z39, 48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). CONTENTS List of contributors vii Foreword by Thomas L. Petty xiii List of abbreviations xv PART ONE INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1 1 Introduction and definition 3 lohn F. Murray 2 Epidemiology 13 Molly L. Osborne and Robert J. Meyer 3 Spectrum of disease 25 Nicholas P. Curzen, Christopher Haslett and Timothy W. Evans 4 Diffuse alveolar damage 37 Bryan Corrin PART TWO BASIC MECHANISMS 47 5 Mechanisms of resolution of lung inflammation 49 Christopher Haslett 6 Complement, endotoxin and acute lung injury 69 Polly E. Parsans 7 Cytokines and lung injury 85 Daniel R. Smith, Robert M. Strieter and Steven L. Kunkel 8 Mechanisms of neutrophil mediated injury 99 G. Scott Worthen and Gregory P. Downey 9 Adhesion moleeules 115 S. Craig Stocks and Ian Dransfield 10 Proteinases 139 Caroline A. Owen and Edward J. Campbell 11 Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant protection and lung injury 167 lohn M.C. Gutteridge and Gregory J. Quinlan 12 Epithelial injury and repair 197 Elizabeth L. Aronsen and lohn M. Shannon 13 Mechanisms of scarring 215 Patricia J. Sime and lack Gauldie vi Cantents 14 Secondary infections in acute lung injury 233 Galen B. Toews PART THREE PHYSIOLOGY 249 15 Pulmonary physiology of acute lung injury 251 Peter D. Macnaughton 16 Surfactant system in lung injury 263 Patricia L. Haslam 17 Pulmonary vascular control mechanisms 297 Nigel A.M. Patersan and David G. McCormack 18 Systemic manifestations 317 Ravi S. Gill and William J. Sibbald 19 Tissue oxygenation 331 Jean-Louis Vincent and Daniel De Backer 20 Critical role of the alveolar epithelial barrier 345 Michael A. Matthay PART FOUR CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 359 21 Imaging the injured lung 361 David M. Hansell 22 Severity scoring 381 Jahn S. Turner and Peter D. Potgieter 23 Apressure targeted approach to ventilating 393 John J. Marini 24 High frequency ventilation 409 Eric H. Gluck and Brian F. Keagh 25 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 425 Dirk Pappert, Ralf Rossaint, Herwig Gerlach and Konrad J. Falke 26 Intravascular gas exchange 439 Brian F. Keagh and Kenneth M. Sim 27 Clinical trial issues 451 Alan H. Marris PART FIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS 479 28 Fluid balance and renal function 481 Phillip Factar, David Ciccolella and Jacab 1. Sznajder 29 Inhaled nitric oxide therapy 495 E. Robert Grover and David Bihari 30 Prospects for pharmacotherapy 507 Mark J.D. Griffiths and Timathy W Evans Index 525 CONTRIBUTORS ELIZABETH L. ARONSEN MD BRYAN CORRIN MD, FRCPath Special Faculty Instructor, National Jewish Professor of Thoracic Pathology, Center for Immunology and Respiratory National Heart & Lung Institute, Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, 4500 E. 9th Avenue, Sydney Street, Suite 600S, London SW3 6NP, Denver CO 80220, UK USA DAVID BIHARI FRCP NICHOLAS P. CURZEN BM, MRCP Staff Specialist, MRC Training Fellow, and Honorary Intensive Care Unit, Registrar in ITU and Cardiology, St George Hospital, National Heart & Lung Institute, Gray Street, Royal Brompton Hospital, Kogarah NSW 2217, Sydney Street, Australia London SW3 6NP, UK EDWARD J. CAMPBELL MD Clinical Investigator, Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Associate Professor of DANIEL OE BACKER MD Senior Fellow, Medicine, Division of Respiratory, Critical Department of Intensive Care, Care, and Occupational Pulmonary Erasme University Hospital, Medicine, Route de Lennik 808, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, B-1070 Brussels, 50 North Medical Drive, Belgium Salt Lake City UT 84132, USA DAVID CICCOLELLA MD GREGORY P. DOWNEY MD, FRCP(c) Assistant Professor of Medicine and Associate Professor of Medicine and Director, Asthma Center, Program Director, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Division of Respirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 1 Kings College Circle, 3401 N. Broad Street, University of Toronto, Philadelphia PA 19103 Ontario, USA Canada M5S lA8 viii Contributors IAN DRANSFIELD PhD HERWIG GERLACH MD Senior Lecturer in Medical Cell Biology, Senior Staff Anaesthesiologist and Head Respiratory Medicine Unit, Physician, Department of Medicine (RlE), Virchow-Klinikum, Rayne Laboratory, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Augustenburger Platz I, Teviot Place, D-13353 Berlin, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Germany UK TIMOTHY W. EVANS MD, FRCP, PhD RAV I S. GILL BM, FRCA Reader in Critical Care Medicine, National Senor Registrar in Anaesthetics, Heart & Lung Institute, and Consultant in Queen Alexandra Hospital, Thoracic and Intensive Care Medicine, Southwick Hill Road, Royal Brompton Hospital, Cosham, Sydney Street, Portsmouth P06 3LY, London SW3 6NP, UK UK PHILLIP FACTOR DO ERIC H. GLUCK MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, University Associate Professor of Medicine and Chief of Illinois at Chicago, and Associate of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Director, Intensive Care Unit, The Chicago Medical School, Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, 3001 Green Bay Road, 2929 S. Ellis Avenue, North Chicago, Chicago IL 60616-3390, Illinois 60064, USA USA KONRAD J. FALKE MD Professor of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, and Chairman, MARK J.D. GRIFFITHS BSC, MRCP Wellcome Research Fellow, Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und operative Adult Intensive Care Unit, Intensivmedizin, Royal Brompton Hospital, Virchow-Klinikum, Sydney Street, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, London SW3 6Np, Augustenburger Platz I, D-13353 Berlin, UK Germany JACK GAULDIE PhD E. ROBERT GROVER FRCA Professor and Chairman, Department of Clinical Research Physician, Pathology, Department of Cardiovascular / Critical Care McMaster University, Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2N16, The Wellcome Foundation, 1200 Main Street West, Langley Court, Hamilton, South Eden Park Road, Ontario, Beckenham BR3 3B5, Canada L8N 3Z5 UK Contributors IX JOHN M.C. GUTTERIDGE PhD, DSC, FIBiol STEVEN L. KUNKEL MD Professor of Biochemistry Professor of Pathology, Oxygen Chemistry Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care National Heart & Lung Institute, Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, University of Michigan Medical Center, Sydney Street, 3916 Taubman Center, London SW3 6NP, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, UK Ann Arbor MI 48109-0360, USA DAVID M. HANSELL MRCP, FRCR DAVID G. McCORMACK MD, FRCP(c), FCCP Consultant Radiologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, Department of Radiology, The Alan C. Burton Vascular Biology Royal Brompton Hospital, Laboratory, Sydney Street, Victoria Hospital, London SW3 6NP, 375 South Street, UK London, Ontario PATRICIA L. HASLAM PhD, MRCPath Ca na da N6A 4G5 Senior Lecturer, Cell Biology Unit, Cardiothoracic Surgery, PETER D. MACNAUGHTON MD, MRCP, FRCA National Heart & Lung Institute, Consultant in Anaesthetics and Intensive Imperial College School of Medicine, Care, Dovehouse Street, Derriford Hospital, London SW3 6LY, Derriford Road, UK Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK CHRISTOPHER HASLETT FRCP, FRCP (Edin) Professor of Respiratory Medicine, JOHN J. MARINI MD Chairman of the Department of Medicine Professor of Medicine, University of (RIE) and Director of the Rayne Minnesota, and Director of Pulmonary Laboratories, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Edinburgh, St Paul Ramsey Medical Center, Royal Infirmary, 640 Jackson Street, Lauriston Place, St Paul MN 55101-2595, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, USA UK MICHAEL A. MATTHAY MD BRIAN F. KEOGH FRCA Professor of Medicine and Anesthesia, and Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Senior Member, Cardiovascular Research Care, Institute, Royal Brompton Hospital, 505 Parnassus, M-917, Sydney Street, University of California, London SW3 6NP, San Francisco CA 94143-0130, UK USA
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