Arctic Yearbook 2014

589 Pages·2014·8.15 MB·English

by  Ólafur Jensson

Human Capital in the North
Lassi Heininen
Heather Exner-Pirot
Joël Plouffe
2

Arctic Yearbook 2014

Heininen, L., Exner-Pirot H. and Plouffe J. (eds.). (2014). Arctic Yearbook 2014. Akureyri, Iceland:
Northern Research Forum. Available from http://www.arcticyearbook.com

ISSN 2298–2418

This publication is available under limited copyright protection.
You may download, distribute, photocopy, cite or excerpt this document provided it is properly and
fully credited and not used for commercial purposes.

Cover Image:
Untitled
Bolot Bochkarev
Reproduced with permission from RIA Novosti

Editor:
Lassi Heininen, University of Lapland | [email protected]

Managing Editors:
Heather Exner-Pirot, University of Saskatchewan | [email protected]
Joël Plouffe, École nationale d’Administration Publique (ENAP, Montréal) | [email protected]

Editorial Board:
Dr. Lawson Brigham (Distinguished Professor of Geography & Arctic Policy, University of
Alaska Fairbanks; Senior Fellow, Institute of the North, United States)
Dr. Robert Corell (Principal and Professor II, Global Environment & Technology
Foundation; Chair of Global Science Associates; University of Tromsø & University of the
Arctic, Norway)
Dr. Gail Fondahl (Professor and Vice-President, Research, University of Northern British
Columbia, Canada)
Dr. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (President of Iceland)
Dr. Yang Jian (Vice-President of Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, China)
Dr. Kari Laine (Director of the Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland)
Dr. Gustaf Lind (Arctic Council SAO Chair, Sweden)
Dr. Steven E. Miller (Director of the International Security Program; Editor-in-Chief of
International Security, Harvard University, United States)
Dr. Alexander Pelyasov (Russian Academy of Sciences; Director of the Center of
Northern and Arctic Economics; Ministry of Economic Development & Trade, Russia)
Ms. Diana Wallis (MEP & Former Vice-President of the EU Parliament, United Kingdom)
3 Arctic Yearbook 2014
About Arctic Yearbook

The Arctic Yearbook is the outcome of the Northern Research Forum (NRF) and UArctic joint
Thematic Network (TN) on Geopolitics and Security. The TN also organizes the annual Calotte
Academy.
The Arctic Yearbook seeks to be the preeminent repository of critical analysis on the Arctic region,
with a mandate to inform observers about the state of Arctic politics, governance and security. It is an
international and interdisciplinary peer-reviewed publication, published online at
[www.arcticyearbook.com] to ensure wide distribution and accessibility to a variety of stakeholders
and observers.
Arctic Yearbook material is obtained through a combination of invited contributions and an open call
for papers. For more information on contributing to the Arctic Yearbook, or participating in the TN
on Geopolitics and Security, contact the Editor, Lassi Heininen.

Acknowledgments
The Arctic Yearbook would like to acknowledge the Arctic Portal [http://arcticportal.org] for their
generous technical and design support; RIA Novosti for the use of the cover image; and the scholars
who provided peer review of the academic articles. We would also like to thank the Thule Institute
for funding a limited print of the Arctic Yearbook 2014.
4 Arctic Yearbook 2014

Table of Contents

PREFACE

THE
 NEW
 ARCTIC
 HUMAN
 DIMENSION

Alexander
 Pelyasov
 ......................................................................................................................................................................................
 8

INTRODUCTION

HUMAN
 CAPITAL
 IN
 THE
 NORTH

Lassi
 Heininen,
 Heather
 Exner-­‐Pirot
 &
 Joël
 Plouffe
 ....................................................................................................................
 10

THIS
 YEAR
 IN
 THE
 ARCTIC:
 2014
 HIGHLIGHTS

Tom
 Fries
 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................
 15

SECTION

 I-­‐

 SCHOLARLY
 ARTICLES

HUMAN
 CAPACITY-­‐BUILDING

THE
 INTERCULTURAL
 CHALLENGES
 OF
 ENGINEERING
 EDUCATION
 IN
 A
 GREENLANDIC
 CONTEXT

Kåre
 Hendriksen
 &
 Hans
 Peter
 Christensen
 ...................................................................................................................................
 28

AN
 ETHICAL
 SPACE
 FOR
 DIALOGUE
 ABOUT
 DIFFICULT
 HISTORY:
 FOSTERING
 CRITICAL
 THINKING
 AMONGST
 STUDENTS
 IN

CANADA’S
 NORTHWEST
 TERRITORIES
 &
 NUNAVUT

Sarah
 Daitch
 ................................................................................................................................................................................................
 44

LANGUAGE
 AND
 WELL-­‐BEING
 IN
 THE
 ARCTIC:

 BUILDING
 INDIGENOUS
 LANGUAGE
 VITALITY
 &
 SUSTAINABILITY

Lenore
 A.
 Grenoble
 &
 Carl
 Chr.
 Olsen,
 Puju
 ....................................................................................................................................
 69

MIGRATION
 IN
 THE
 ARCTIC

Timothy
 Heleniak
 ......................................................................................................................................................................................
 82

LABOUR
 MARKET
 OUTCOMES
 OF
 MIGRANT
 WOMEN
 IN
 VÄSTERBOTTEN
 AND
 NORRBOTTEN

Elena
 Kotyrlo
 ............................................................................................................................................................................................
 105

DISTANCE
 EDUCATION
 IN
 THE
 NORTHERN
 REGIONS
 OF
 RUSSIA

Viacheslav
 Lipatov
 .................................................................................................................................................................................
 132

CREATIVE
 ARCTIC:
 TOWARDS
 MEASURING
 ARCTIC’S
 CREATIVE
 CAPITAL

Andrey
 N.
 Petrov
 .....................................................................................................................................................................................
 149

“WE’RE
 ALL
 IN
 THIS
 TOGETHER”:
 FACTORS
 THAT
 INFLUENCE
 &
 SUPPORT
 SUCCESS
 FOR
 FEMALE
 POST-­‐SECONDARY

STUDENTS
 IN
 NORTHERN
 MANITOBA,
 CANADA

Maureen
 Simpkins
 &
 Marleny
 M.
 Bonnycastle
 ..........................................................................................................................
 167

GENDER
 CHALLENGES
 &
 HUMAN
 CAPITAL
 IN
 THE
 ARCTIC

Kathleen
 Lahey,
 Eva-­‐Maria
 Svensson
 &
 Åsa
 Gunnarsson
 .....................................................................................................
 183

REGIONAL
 ECONOMY
 &
 PROSPERITY

A
 QUESTION
 OF
 FUTURE
 PROSPERITY:
 TRANSFORMING
 NATURAL
 RESOURCE
 WEALTH
 INTO
 CITIZEN
 WELL
 BEING

THROUGH
 THE
 NORTHWEST
 TERRITORIES
 HERITAGE
 FUND

Sarah
 Daitch,
 Alyssa
 Schwann,
 Andrew
 Bauer,
 Andre
 Dias
 &
 Julia
 Fan
 Li
 ...................................................................
 202
5 Arctic Yearbook 2014

GREENLANDIC
 INDEPENDENCE:
 THE
 DILEMMA
 OF
 NATURAL
 RESOURCE
 EXTRACTION

Erica
 M.
 Dingman
 ...................................................................................................................................................................................
 228

TOURISM,
 HUMAN
 CAPITAL
 &
 REGIONAL
 DEVELOPMENT
 IN
 THREE
 COMMUNITIES
 IN
 GREENLAND:
 UKKUSISSAT,
 NARSAQ

AND
 QAANAAQ

Daniela
 Tommasini
 ................................................................................................................................................................................
 244

MINERAL
 EXPLOITATION
 AND
 DEVELOPMENT
 IN
 GREENLAND:
 ENGAGING
 LOCAL
 WORKFORCE
 AND
 PLANNING
 FLEXIBLE

SETTLEMENTS

Kåre Hendriksen,
 Birgitte
 Hoffmann
 &
 Ulrik
 Jørgensen
 .............................................................................................................
 257

WORK
 CREATES
 COMMUNITY:
 THE
 ROLE
 OF
 TOURISM
 IN
 SUSTAINABLE
 DEVELOPMENT
 OF
 A
 EUROPEAN
 ARCTIC

COMMUNITY

Kristín
 Rut
 Kristjánsdóttir
 ..................................................................................................................................................................
 273

ARCTIC
 TOURISM:
 REALITIES
 &
 POSSIBILITIES

Patrick
 T.
 Maher,
 Hans
 Gelter,
 Kevin
 Hillmer-­‐Pegram,
 Gestur
 Hovgaard,
 John
 Hull,
 Gunnar
 Þór
 Jóhannesson,

Anna
 Karlsdóttir,
 Outi
 Rantala,
 &
 Albina
 Pashkevich
 ............................................................................................................
 290

SOCIO-­‐NATURAL
 CAPITAL
 FOR
 SUSTAINABLE
 LAND
 USE
 IN
 THE
 FENNOSCANDIA

Simo
 Sarkki,
 Kirsi
 Latola,
 Mikko
 Jokinen
 &
 Adam
 Stepien
 ...................................................................................................
 307

THE
 CHALLENGES
 &
 OPPORTUNITIES
 FOR
 ARCTIC
 MICROSTATES
 IN
 DEVELOPING
 AN
 ENERGY
 SECTOR:

 THE
 ROLE
 OF

HUMAN
 CAPITAL
 AND
 KNOWLEDGE
 INSTITUTES

C.C.A.
 Smits,
 R.G.
 Bertelsen,
 &
 J.C.S.
 Justinussen
 .........................................................................................................................
 324

THE
 NEW
 INSECURITIES
 OF
 CANADIAN
 INTEGRATED
 OCEAN
 MANAGEMENT

Brit
 Sojka
 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................
 342

RESOURCE-­‐BASED
 DEVELOPMENT
 &
 THE
 CHALLENGE
 OF
 ECONOMIC
 DIVERSIFICATION
 IN
 THE
 MINING
 COMMUNITIES
 OF

THE
 MURMANSK
 REGION

Tuomas
 Suutarinen
 ...............................................................................................................................................................................
 355

GEOPOLITICS
 OF
 THE
 ARCTIC
 REGION

THE
 ARCTIC’S
 NEAREST
 NEIGHBOUR?
 AN
 EVALUATION
 OF
 THE
 UK’S
 2013
 ARCTIC
 POLICY
 DOCUMENT

Alyson
 Bailes
 .............................................................................................................................................................................................
 380

“ARCTIC-­‐VISM”
 IN
 PRACTICE:
 THE
 CHALLENGES
 FACING
 DENMARK’S
 POLITICAL-­‐MILITARY
 STRATEGY
 IN
 THE
 HIGH

NORTH

Jon
 Rahbek-­‐Clemmensen
 .....................................................................................................................................................................
 399

RUSSIAN
 MILITARY
 BUILD-­‐UP
 IN
 THE
 ARCTIC:
 STRATEGIC
 SHIFT
 IN
 THE
 BALANCE
 OF
 POWER
 OR
 BELLICOSE
 RHETORIC

ONLY?

Barbora
 Padrtová
 ..................................................................................................................................................................................
 415

CONFIDENCE-­‐
 &
 SECURITY-­‐BUILDING
 MEASURES
 IN
 THE
 ARCTIC:
 THE
 ORGANIZATION
 FOR
 SECURITY
 &
 CO-­‐OPERATION

IN
 EUROPE
 AS
 A
 ROLE
 MODEL
 FOR
 THE
 AREA?

Benjamin
 Schaller
 ..................................................................................................................................................................................
 434
6 Arctic Yearbook 2014
SECTION

 II-­‐

 COMMENTARIES

A
 TRIBUTE
 TO
 ANTON
 VASILIEV
 &
 SENIOR
 ARCTIC
 OFFICIALS

Else
 Berit
 Eikeland………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..454

THE
 OLYMPIC
 FLAME
 VISITS
 THE
 NORTH
 POLE

Lassi
 Heininen
 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
 456

ASIAN-­‐ARCTIC
 COOPERATION:
 A
 BRIEFING
 ON
 THE
 CHINA-­‐NORDIC
 ARCTIC
 RESEARCH
 CENTER
 (CNARC)

Deng
 Beixi
 &
 Yang
 Jian
 .........................................................................................................................................................................
 462

BARENTS
 COOPERATION
 IN
 WINDS
 OF
 CHANGE

Thomas
 Nilsen
 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
 464

ENTERING
 ICY
 WATERS:
 THE
 ARCTIC
 AGENDA
 AT
 A
 CROSSROADS

H.E.
 Thordur
 Aegir
 Oskarsson
 ...........................................................................................................................................................
 466

REGIONAL
 INTERNATIONAL
 COOPERATION
 IN
 THE
 ARCTIC
 &
 SUBARCTIC
 ZONE:
 A
 VIEW
 FROM
 KARELIA

Igor
 Shevchuk
 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
 469

THE
 WEST
 NORDIC
 COUNCIL
 AND
 THE
 ARCTIC

Unnur
 Bra
 Konradsdóttir
 &
 Egill
 Thor
 Nielsson
 .......................................................................................................................
 473

MAKING
 IT
 STICK
 –
 A
 NEW
 APPROACH
 TO
 IMPLEMENTING
 ARCTIC
 COUNCIL
 DECISIONS
 &
 RECOMMENDATIONS

Marc-­‐André
 Dubois
 &
 Clive
 Tesar
 ...................................................................................................................................................
 475

“STRATEGIC
 ASSESSMENT
 OF
 DEVELOPMENT
 OF
 THE
 ARCTIC:
 ASSESSMENT
 CONDUCTED
 FOR
 THE
 EUROPEAN
 UNION”
 –
THE
 EU-­‐ARCTIC
 NEXUS
 AND
 A
 MORE
 BALANCED
 PICTURE
 OF
 ARCTIC
 DEVELOPMENTS
 FOR
 THE
 EUROPEAN
 AUDIENCES

 Adam
 Stepien
 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
 475

MOVING
 FORWARD
 IN
 A
 RESILIENT
 NORTH

Anja
 Jeffrey,
 Adam
 Fiser
 &
 Stefan
 Fournier
 ................................................................................................................................
 480

DEVOLUTION
 IN
 THE
 NORTHWEST
 TERRITORIES
 :
 PROGRESS
 OR
 POISON?

Anthony
 Speca
 .........................................................................................................................................................................................
 482

NUNAVUMMIUT
 SPEAK
 OUT
 TO
 THEIR
 FAMILIES

‘Feeding
 My
 Family’
 Organizers
 .......................................................................................................................................................
 485

CAN
 RESOURCE
 DEVELOPMENT
 BE
 GOOD
 FOR
 ARCTIC
 COMMUNITIES?
 THE
 RESOURCE
 AND
 SUSTAINABLE
 DEVELOPMENT

IN
 THE
 ARCTIC
 (RESDA)
 PROJECT

Chris
 Southcott
 ........................................................................................................................................................................................
 487

MINING
 IN
 GREENLAND
 –
 CURRENT
 STATE
 &
 PLANS
 FOR
 THE
 FUTURE

Birger
 Poppel
 ............................................................................................................................................................................................
 490

MAINE’S
 ROLE
 IN
 THE
 NORTH
 ATLANTIC
 FUTURE

Dana
 B.
 Eidsness
 .....................................................................................................................................................................................
 493

THE
 DEVELOPING
 INTERNATIONAL
 MARITIME
 ORGANIZATION
 POLAR
 CODE

Lawson
 W.
 Brigham
 ..............................................................................................................................................................................
 496

FEDNAV
 PIONEERS
 THE
 USE
 OF
 DRONES
 IN
 POLAR
 SHIPPING

Pascale
 Bourbonnais
 .............................................................................................................................................................................
 500
7 Arctic Yearbook 2014

SECTION
 III
 -­‐
 BRIEFING
 NOTES

THE
 ARCTIC:
 A
 NEW
 INTERNET
 HIGHWAY?

Michael
 Delaunay
 ...................................................................................................................................................................................
 503

TOURISM
 SAFETY
 AND
 SECURITY:
 FINDINGS
 FROM
 TOURISM
 INTENSIVE
 FINNISH
 LAPLAND

Niko
 Niemisalo
 .........................................................................................................................................................................................
 511

OIL
 DRILLING
 &
 ECOSYSTEM
 MANAGEMENT
 PLANNING
 OF
 THE
 BARENTS
 SEA

Allan
 Sande
 ................................................................................................................................................................................................
 519

SOCIAL
 LICENSE
 TO
 OPERATE
 FOR
 MINING
 COMPANIES
 IN
 THE
 RUSSIAN
 ARCTIC:
 TWO
 CASES
 IN
 THE
 MURMANSK
 REGION

Larissa
 Riabova
 &
 Vladimir
 Didyk
 ..................................................................................................................................................
 527

MAIN
 EXPECTED
 CHANGES
 IN
 LEGISLATIVE
 REGULATION
 OF
 ENVIRONMENTAL
 PROTECTION
 FOR
 ENVIRONMENTALLY

HAZARDOUS
 FACILITIES
 IN
 THE
 RUSSIAN
 ARCTIC

Tatiana
 Alieva
 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
 538

THE
 RIGHT
 NOT
 TO
 BE
 INDIGENOUS:
 SEAL
 UTILIZATION
 IN
 NEWFOUNDLAND

Nikolas
 Sellheim
 ......................................................................................................................................................................................
 546

ECONOMIC
 DEVELOPMENT,
 INDIGENOUS
 GOVERNANCE,
 &
 ARCTIC
 SOVEREIGNTY

Karen
 Everett
 &
 Heather
 Nicol
 .........................................................................................................................................................
 553

SECTION
 IV
 -­‐
 THEMATIC
 NETWORK
 ON
 GEOPOLITICS
 AND
 SECURITY
 UPDATES

CALOTTE
 ACADEMY
 2014:
 RESOURCE
 GEOPOLITICS,

 SOVEREIGNTIES
 &
 CROSS-­‐BORDER
 ARCTIC
 DIALOGUE

Hanna
 Lempinen
 &
 Joël
 Plouffe
 ........................................................................................................................................................
 572

THE
 “GLOBAL
 ARCTIC”
 PROJECT

Lassi
 Heininen
 &
 Matthias
 Finger
 ...................................................................................................................................................
 578

DISCUSSING
 &
 PROMOTING
 (REGIONAL)
 ARCTIC
 COOPERATION
 IN
 RUSSIA:
 HIGHLIGHTS
 FROM
 KARELIA
 IN
 2014

Boris
 Khabarov
 &
 Joël
 Plouffe
 ...........................................................................................................................................................
 581
8

Preface

The New Arctic Human Dimension
Alexander Pelyasov

This volume of the Arctic Yearbook is devoted to the umbrella topic of Arctic human capital and
capacity. The success in the elaboration of the new industrial districts in the Arctic both offshore
and onshore, the success with the Arctic Universities, and of Arctic entrepreneurs is highly
dependent upon the quality and quantity of the Arctic human capital.
Learning by communicating - as nowhere else the growth of the Arctic human capital is dependent
upon the art of communication in the Arctic cities, Arctic forums, and Arctic projects. In 2014 we
have had a good deal of such Arctic international events with definite influence on Arctic human
capital. To name a few let us remember ICASS VIII in Prince George, British Columbia, the 54th
European Regional Science Association Congress in St.Petersburg with a strong Arctic focus, and
the successful end of almost three years of work under Arctic Human Development Report-2.
The general idea of the numerous presentations and papers in these forums is that under the
challenges of rapidly changing Arctic social and natural environment it is critical to provide an
adequate and creative reply with Arctic systems of education, Arctic innovative clusters and regional
innovation systems. And the engine of all these elements of the Arctic innovative infrastructure is
Arctic human capital - these are talents and highly qualified specialists.
Under the contemporary conditions of globalization the whole Arctic looks like one united
community of practice when somebody’s ideas are immediately picked up by the neighbors to
collectively build one united Arctic house, Arctic Mediterranean for all. Indeed the Arctic is
absolutely unique as people here are involved in “trade” with each other not with resources, as they
have similar resources throughout the Arctic, but with knowledge, ideas, competences and human
capital of inter-polar migrants.
Each of the countries from the five economic models of the Northern economy (Russian, Canadian,
American, Nordic and island) can contribute to and enrich the common Arctic human capital pool:

Alexander Pelyasov is the Director of the Center for the Arctic and Northern Economies, Moscow.
9 Arctic Yearbook 2014
Russia – its knowledge of how to colonize the Northern Sea Route under the conditions of climate
change; Canada – how to inspire self-development of the isolated small Arctic communities; USA –
how to create innovative institutions to share resource rents in the interests of the Arctic people;
Scandic countries – how to transfer remoteness into accessibility by the elements of the Arctic
infrastructure; Arctic island countries of Greenland and Iceland – how to use the energy of the
Arctic sovereignty in new projects for Arctic economic development.
If we compare Arctic and non-Arctic regions we can reveal several distinct differences in the Arctic
human capital. First, Arctic human capital is dependent upon the tacit knowledge of the Arctic
Natives, the wisdom of elders, the art of living with nature for ages peacefully and sustainably.
Second, it is highly connected with resource and land use. Third, it is focused on the art of living on
the edge of the land/sea limit, that is combining coastal zone management knowledge and
innovations with rapid climate change. Fourth, Arctic human capital is a holistic, comprehensive
phenomenon, uniting social and natural knowledge in one common pool. And finally, last but not
least, Arctic human capital is embedded into the vibrant and resilient Arctic communities, with
collaborative role of its veterans, migrant newcomers, and of course responsible local leaders.
If we look at the papers of this year’s Arctic Yearbook authors we can see all these peculiarities of
the Arctic human capital in their agenda, study, and description.
Preface
10

Introduction

H C N
UMAN APITAL IN THE ORTH
Lassi Heininen, Heather Exner-Pirot & Joël Plouffe

The year 2014 has been an uneasy one for the Arctic region in many ways. A ‘race’ for access and
control over the North Pole (between Canada and Russia), though played by the UNCLOS rules,
and the crisis, and warfare, in Ukraine has wrought tension between Russia and its Arctic
neighbours, casting a shadow over Arctic affairs if not outright jeopardizing them. The Canadian
Chairmanship of the Arctic Council has attracted attention, but not always the good kind, for its
focus on economic development, as well as the (first ever) boycotting of Arctic Council meetings.
Following several years of converging interests, cleavages have been exposed between West and
East; between those advocating for development versus those for protection; and on whether, and
how, to consolidate or expand regional cooperation.
Where unanimity exists is on the issue of enhancing human capital in the Arctic, and throughout the
North, at both the local and regional levels. But there again the questions remain: capacity for
whom, and for what? While this is not an issue particular to 2014 - the Arctic Human Development
Report’s first edition, published in 2004, documented this a decade ago - it has definitely been a
continued area of collaboration between state and non-governmental actors across the Arctic. At
the local level, efforts to improve access to education and training have been accompanied by efforts
to promote indigenous language use and transmit traditional knowledge, as well as to promote
health and well-being. Regionally, the need for better understanding of the Arctic environment and
Lassi Heininen is Editor, and Heather Exner-Pirot and Joël Plouffe are Managing Editors of the
Arctic Yearbook 2014.