Arctic Triumph: Northern Innovation and Persistence PDF
Preview Arctic Triumph: Northern Innovation and Persistence
Springer Polar Sciences Nikolas Sellheim Yulia V. Zaika Ilan Kelman Editors Arctic Triumph Northern Innovation and Persistence Springer Polar Sciences Series editor James Ford, Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Springer Polar Sciences Springer Polar Sciences is an interdisciplinary book series that is dedicated to research in the Arctic, sub-Arctic regions, and the Antarctic. In recent years, the polar regions have received increased scientific and public interest. Both the Arctic and Antarctic have been recognized as key regions in the regulation of the global climate, and polar ecosystems have been identified to be particularly susceptible to the ongoing environmental changes. Consequently, the international efforts in polar research have been enhanced considerably, and a wealth of new findings is being produced at a growing rate by the international community of polar researchers. Springer Polar Sciences aims to present a broad platform that will include state- of-the-art research, bringing together both science and humanities to facilitate an exchange of knowledge between the various polar science communities. The Series offers an outlet to publish contributions, monographs, edited works, conference proceedings, etc. Topics and perspectives will be broad and will include, but not be limited to: climate change impacts, environmental change, polar ecology, governance, health, economics, indigenous populations, tourism and resource extraction activities. Books published in the series will appeal to scientists, students, polar researchers and policy makers. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15180 Nikolas Sellheim • Yulia V. Zaika • Ilan Kelman Editors Arctic Triumph Northern Innovation and Persistence Editors Nikolas Sellheim Yulia V. Zaika Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science Khibiny Research and Educational Station, (HELSUS) Faculty of Geography University of Helsinki Lomonosov Moscow State University Helsinki, Finland Kirovsk, Russia Ilan Kelman IGH and IRDR University College London London, UK University of Agder Kristiansand, Norway ISSN 2510-0475 ISSN 2510-0483 (electronic) Springer Polar Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-05522-6 ISBN 978-3-030-05523-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05523-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019931547 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword: From Victim to Victor Seals! How do a Greenlandic diplomat and a German researcher meet? When the lead edi- tor behind the book Arctic Triumph: Northern Innovation and Persistence, Nikolas Sellheim, and I first met, it was a seal that brought us together. Well, it wasn’t just a seal or one seal. It was all seals. It was the issue of how the international community looked upon societies that hunt seals as part of their heritage and culture. It was specifically because the European Union was planning to legislate on the trade with seal products exported to the European market. And in this matrix of traditional heritage of hunting in the Arctic, a growing moralistic approach to the hunt of seals from animal protection organisations, legalistic tactics from policy makers, European parliamentarians finding a platform to create visibility on themselves and their values we met – with the same goal of creating nuanced information on the hunt of seals. I am a Greenlander, born and raised in the capital of Nuuk, a result of a com- monly seen marital arrangement between a person from the colonised country (Greenland, my dad is the Greenlander, the Kalaaleq/Inuk) and a person from the colonising country (Denmark, my mom is the Dane). So, I am also a Dane. And having said that, it must be noted that all Greenlanders are Danish citizens and hold Danish passports (thus, also EU passports). In this short five-line explanation of the physical or objective features of my identity, you have already met many grey zones, potential contradictions and contradistinctions. And in many ways, that’s what modern Greenland is all about. In many ways, that’s what the Arctic of today is very much about. It’s complex, it’s full of para- doxes, it’s full of historical heritage and antagonisms and it’s full of strong emo- tions. And that is why it can enrich the rest of the world. In my opinion, and what is also reflected in this book, is that the richness of the Arctic lies in many features with contradictory characteristics that it encompasses at one and the same time. Its peoples and nature. Its beauty and harshness. Its vulnerability and strength. Its bar- ter economy and market economy. Its traditional customs and modernity. Its h unting v vi Foreword: From Victim to Victor and fishing and “westernised” supermarkets. Its dependency and independence. Its victimisation and victorious nature. Sassuma arnaa: Mother of the Sea The world is standing on a burning platform. Climate change and unsustainable use of nature’s resources for the overwhelming consumption of the world’s richest peo- ple are threatening the survival of our globe and ourselves. Many articles in the book put focus on this. The current disaster facing us on a global scale is, frankly, the environmental destruction of our globe. For a solution, or a comfort, maybe we should (re)turn to simple principles – some of which we can learn from Inuit mythology. The pan-Arctic myth of the Mother of the Sea, called Sassuma arnaa in Greenlandic and referred to as “Sedna” in the English-speaking Arctic community, can teach us a thing or two on sustainability. In Sassuma arnaa, the hunt in Inuit Nunaat has for a long time failed and people are starving. An angakkoq (shaman) is sent to the Mother of the Sea to find out why the animals stay away. When he arrives to the mighty lady at the bottom of the sea, it turns out that all the animals have been tangled in to her long black hair along with dirt. After a struggle between them, the angakkoq is allowed to comb her hair, thus allowing all the animals to swim freely into the sea so that people can hunt and get food again. The reason for the animals being tangled up in her hair is that people have stopped being spiritually aware, have stopped living life properly and have started to take food for granted. The morale of the myth is that if you are greedy, it will harm the nature you live off and that you are dependent of, and thus you harm yourself. Or to put bluntly: you must be good to Mother Nature or you will die. This is a way of spiritual thinking and living that the rest of the world can benefit from in these days of disastrous climate change, unsustainability and insecurity. This is a way of thinking that could or maybe should be revitalised – even for the indigenous peoples of the Arctic, many of whom are moving away from this spirituality for different reasons caused by pursuing modernity. It is a simple message to tell; it is a simple message to understand, but it is a hard morale to follow in an era determined by consumption where economic growth is the compass for the many. Another difficulty of attaining this simple principle lies in the history of the power struggles of the legitimacy of principles. Historically, colonial powers have had the “truth on their side” and have had to define the reigning principles that were – often – far from indigenous principles – some of which we hear of in Sassuma arnaa. Some of the articles in this book argue that maybe today we see a window of opportunity for other principles – than the old colonial ones – to have a say, i.e. Inuit principles as they have been implemented over hundreds of years to uphold life and nature. And if this will be the case, we might be on a more sustainable path for the world we live in. Foreword: From Victim to Victor vii Colonial Heritage and the Inferiority Complex The interesting question – in my view – in terms of reaching genuine triumph in the Arctic is whether the Arctic has overcome its colonial heritage or not. Obviously, the nature of the question is rhetorical. A former colonised country or people(s) will always bear witness of its historical circumstances. However, can the (indigenous) peoples of the Arctic detach themselves from the straitjacket of the colonial heri- tage – a term that, in this context, was introduced by Greenlandic artist, Julie Edel Hardenberg, who has worked with straitjackets containing or made up by the Greenlandic and Danish flags, respectively? Regardless of the fact that, e.g. Greenland has had extensive autonomy since the Home Rule Agreement of 1979 and the 2009 Self-Rule Agreement and, with the exception of foreign and security policy, judicial issues, monetary matters and citi- zenship, has had the possibility to rule its own affairs for the past nearly 40 years, I would argue that genuine and spiritual decolonisation has not found its way. Greenland is not anymore colonised by another state in a traditional manner. However, Greenland is being colonised by its own inferiority complex. And this inferiority complex has found its way on all levels: societal, political, economical and personal. One could argue that the (indigenous) peoples of the Arctic find themselves in a straightjacket with different symptoms of colonial heritage forcing them to “stay put” or hindering a detachment from the straightjacket. How is this seen? Well, the numbers of indigenous peoples who share a dire fate when it comes to abuse, mis- use, suicide, suicide attempts and low educational level, placing them low in the hierarchy of today where “knowledge is power”, speak its own language. And this is the straightjacket that we must break out of first and foremost. An empowerment of and in ourselves rather than an empowerment from someone. We must move from a stagnant portrait of ourselves as victims of certain circum- stances to a picture of ourselves as victors of our own development giving indige- nous peoples a leverage to influence global living. Moving forward with this endeavour is trying to see developments in a new light as a starting point. Developments in 2018 and onwards are not necessarily binary. Should indigenous peoples of the Arctic of which there are approximately 400,000 out of the approximately 4 million inhabitants of the Arctic really view future devel- opments in terms of, e.g. dependency vs. independence? Or should it be viewed through the lenses of interdependency? Or through a totally new concept that I do not have the innovative capacity to formulate? It is refreshing that this scientific publication, Arctic Triumph: Northern Innovation and Persistence, has the audacity to focus on Arctic triumphs and Arctic achievements rather than on the Arctic disasters. Isuma Consulting Nauja Bianco Ottawa, Canada [email protected] Acknowledgements The publication of an edited volume is not an easy task since many different inter- ests need to be accommodated while one’s own expectations need to be adjusted to the realities of academic life. But we, the editors of this volume, were very lucky! We would therefore like to take this opportunity to thank all contributors to this book for their efforts and their outstanding work in shaping a triumphant narrative on the Arctic. Of course a book never develops in isolation. The editors would like to thank the following people for their support in this project: Akiho Shibata and Osamu Inagaki, Polar Cooperation Research Centre (PCRC), Kobe University, Japan; Timo Koivurova, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Finland; Marzia Scopelliti, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; and Ian Stone, Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, UK. Nikolas Sellheim’s contributions to this book are part of the postdoctoral research project “Livelihoods, Local Communities and Cultures in International Conservation Law” (project number 201800229) funded by the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation (Finland). Gratitude goes to this foundation for its financial support. This book would have never been possible without the support and encourage- ment from Margaret Deignan, Shobha Karuppiah and Solomon George at Springer. Although we encountered hurdles along the way, we could always rely on their support. Lastly, even though we are scholars that some assume to live in an ivory tower, we do have private lives. And work as a scholar can be marked by long days, short nights and mental absence. It would therefore be more correct to say that instead of living in an ivory tower, (some) scholars have the tendency to live in their own world(s). And since that is the case, support from families, loved ones and dear ones is more important than anything else. The biggest “thank you” thus goes to all the people that we hold dear and that, more importantly, hold us dear in their hearts. Lahti, Finland Nikolas Sellheim Kandalaksha, Russia Yulia V. Zaika London, UK Ilan Kelman ix Contents 1 A Light at the End of the Arctic Tunnel? Introducing a Triumphant Discourse on Arctic Scholarship . . . . . . . 1 Nikolas Sellheim, Yulia V. Zaika, and Ilan Kelman Part I N arrating Arctic Indigenous Fantasies 2 Narrating Indigeneity in the Arctic: Scripts of Disaster Resilience Versus the Poetics of Autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Julian Reid 3 European Fantasy of the Arctic Region and the Rise of Indigenous Sámi Voices in the Global Arena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Reetta Toivanen Part II F rom Homestead to Homeland 4 Cultural Heritage, or How Bad News Can Also Be Good . . . . . . . . . . 43 Susan Barr 5 Rehabilitation of the Northern Home: A Multigenerational Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Yulia V. Zaika Part III Making Rights Work 6 Compensation for Impact of Industrial Projects in Russia to Indigenous Peoples of the North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Tuyara N. Gavrilyeva, Natalia P. Yakovleva, Sardana I. Boyakova, and Raisa I. Bochoeva 7 The Arctic Council and the Advancement of Indigenous Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Nikolas Sellheim xi
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