ebook img

Arctic Sunrise PDF

110 Pages·2015·0.82 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Arctic Sunrise

PCA Case Nº 2014-02 IN THE MATTER OF THE ARCTIC SUNRISE ARBITRATION - before - AN ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL CONSTITUTED UNDER ANNEX VII TO THE 1982 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA - between - THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS - and - THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION __________________________________________________________ AWARD ON THE MERITS __________________________________________________________ ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL: Judge Thomas A. Mensah (President) Mr. Henry Burmester Professor Alfred H.A. Soons Professor Janusz Symonides Dr. Alberto Székely REGISTRY: Permanent Court of Arbitration 14 August 2015 This page intentionally blank ii AGENTS, COUNSEL, ADVISERS, AND OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PARTIES THE NETHERLANDS THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AGENT Professor Dr. Liesbeth Lijnzaad, Legal Adviser No agents, counsel, advisers, or other of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the representatives were appointed by the Russian Kingdom of the Netherlands Federation in this arbitration CO-AGENT Professor Dr. René Lefeber, Deputy Legal Adviser of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands COUNSEL Professor Dr. Erik Franckx, Professor, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of International and European Law, Centre for International Law PARTY REPRESENTATIVE Peter van Wulfften Palthe, Ambassador of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Austria ADVISERS Mr. Marco Benatar, Researcher, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of International and European Law, Centre for International Law Ms. Anke Bouma, Legal Counsel, Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Mr. Tom Diederen, Legal Officer, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Mr. Peter Post, Transport Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Ms. Annemarieke Vermeer, Legal Counsel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands iii This page intentionally blank iv TABLE OF CONTENTS I.  INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1  II.  PROCEDURAL HISTORY ............................................................................................................. 5  A.  INITIATION OF THE ARBITRATION ................................................................................... 5  B.  APPLICATION TO ITLOS FOR PROVISIONAL MEASURES .............................................. 5  C.  CONSTITUTION OF THE TRIBUNAL .................................................................................. 6  D.  FIRST PROCEDURAL MEETING; ADOPTION OF TERMS OF APPOINTMENT ................... 7  E.  ADOPTION OF PROCEDURAL TIMETABLE AND WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ...................... 8  F.  THE HEARING AND POST-HEARING EVENTS ................................................................ 10  G.  DEPOSITS FOR THE COSTS OF ARBITRATION ................................................................ 13  III. FACTUAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................... 13  A.  THE ARCTIC SUNRISE AND THE ARCTIC 30 .................................................................. 14  B.  THE PRIRAZLOMNAYA .................................................................................................... 15  C.  CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS (SEPTEMBER 2013 TO JANUARY 2015) ............................. 16  1.  Greenpeace protest action at the Prirazlomnaya; detention of Ms. Saarela and Mr. Weber by the Russian authorities ........................................................ 16  2.  Boarding of the Arctic Sunrise by the Russian authorities and subsequent measures taken against the vessel and the persons on board; diplomatic exchanges between the Parties and commencement of this arbitration .......... 22  3.  Release of the Arctic 30 and the Arctic Sunrise; end of legal proceedings in Russia; commencement of related international legal proceedings ................. 28  IV. THE NETHERLANDS’ REQUESTS FOR RELIEF .................................................................... 30  V.  JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY ..................................................................................... 32  A.  EXISTENCE AND SCOPE OF THE DISPUTE ...................................................................... 32  B.  EXCHANGE OF VIEWS―ARTICLE 283(1) OF THE CONVENTION ................................. 34  C.  STANDING ........................................................................................................................ 36  1.  The Netherlands’ standing under the law of the sea as a flag State to invoke Russia’s responsibility for injury caused by breaches of the Convention ....... 36  2.  The Netherlands’ standing to invoke Russia’s responsibility for injury caused to all persons on board the ship flying its flag, the Arctic Sunrise, regardless of nationality ......................................................................................................... 40  3.  The Netherlands’ entitlement to exercise diplomatic protection on behalf of the individual members of the crew having Dutch nationality ........................ 40  4.  The Netherlands’ standing to invoke the international responsibility of Russia for breaches of its obligations held erga omnes partes and/or erga omnes ..... 41  VI. APPLICABLE LAW ...................................................................................................................... 43  VII. MERITS: ALLEGED INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACTS OF RUSSIA ...................... 46  A.  RUSSIA’S ESTABLISHMENT OF A SAFETY ZONE AROUND THE PRIRAZLOMNAYA ..... 46  B.  THE LAWFULNESS OF THE MEASURES TAKEN AGAINST THE ARCTIC SUNRISE AND ITS CREW ......................................................................................................................... 52  v 1.  The applicable legal test ....................................................................................... 52  2.  The boarding, seizure, and detention of the Arctic Sunrise ............................. 53  (a)  Law enforcement measures ....................................................................... 56  i.  Right of visit on suspicion of piracy .................................................. 56  ii.  Violation of coastal State laws applicable to artificial islands, installations, and structures and their safety zones in the EEZ (e.g. prohibition of hooliganism and entry into safety zones): right of hot pursuit ................................................................................................ 58  (a)  Violation of the laws of the coastal State ................................ 60  (b)  Commencement of pursuit: location of the pursued ship and signal to stop ............................................................................ 61  (c)  Continuity of pursuit ............................................................... 66  iii.  Commission of terrorist offences ...................................................... 68  iv.  Right of the coastal State to enforce its laws regarding non-living resources in the EEZ .......................................................................... 69  v.  Enforcement jurisdiction related to the protection of the marine environment ....................................................................................... 71  (a)  Article 220 of the Convention ................................................. 71  (b)  Article 234 of the Convention ................................................. 73  vi.  Dangerous manoeuvering .................................................................. 74  (b)  Other possible legal bases for taking measures to protect coastal State rights and interests in the EEZ ................................................................. 76  i.  Prevention of adverse ecological/environmental consequences ........ 76  ii.  Prevention of terrorism ...................................................................... 78  iii.  Prevention of interference with the exercise of a coastal State’s sovereign rights for the exploration and exploitation of non-living resources in its EEZ ........................................................................... 81  (c)  Conclusion .................................................................................................. 83  C.  COMPLIANCE WITH THE ITLOS ORDER ....................................................................... 83  D.  RUSSIA’S FAILURE TO PAY DEPOSITS IN THIS ARBITRATION ...................................... 90  E.  CIRCUMSTANCES PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS ........................................................ 92  VIII.  REPARATION ........................................................................................................................... 92  A.  SATISFACTION ................................................................................................................. 93  B.  RESTITUTION ................................................................................................................... 94  C.  COMPENSATION .............................................................................................................. 96  IX. INTEREST ..................................................................................................................................... 97  X.  COSTS ........................................................................................................................................... 98  XI. DECISION ..................................................................................................................................... 98  vi GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1958 Convention Convention on the High Seas, 1958 1995 Federal Law Federal Law No. 187-F3 dated 20 November 1995 “On the Russian Federation continental shelf” 2013 Presidential Decree Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 23 dated 14 January 2013 “On federal executive agencies responsible for determining measures to assure navigation safety within safety zones established around artificial islands, installations and structures located on the Russian Federation’s continental shelf, as well as measures to assure security of such artificial islands, installations and structures” 2014 Order of the Ministry Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 186 dated 16 June 2014 “On of Transport establishing a safety zone limit around MLSP Prirazlomnaya artificial installation” Administrative Code Administrative Offences Code of the Russian Federation Arctic 30 The thirty persons who were on board the Arctic Sunrise on 14-24 September 2013 Articles on State ILC Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Responsibility Acts, 2001 Award on Jurisdiction Award issued by this Tribunal on 26 November 2014 concerning the effect of the Declaration on the jurisdiction of this Tribunal Convention United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 Criminal Code Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Declaration Declaration made by Russia upon ratification of the Convention District Court Leninsky District Court of Murmansk EEZ Exclusive economic zone ECHR European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 ECtHR European Court of Human Rights FMS Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation Gazprom Neft Shelf Gazprom Neft Shelf LLC, a Russian entity and the operator of the Prirazlomnaya vii Greenpeace International Greenpeace International (Stichting Greenpeace Council) Greenpeace International Statement of Facts by Greenpeace International dated 15 August Statement of Facts 2014, filed by the Netherlands in this arbitration as Annex N-3 Greenpeace International Addendum and Corrigendum to the Greenpeace International Statement of Facts Statement of Facts, filed by the Netherlands in this arbitration as (Addendum and Annex N-44 Corrigendum) ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 ILC International Law Commission of the United Nations Investigation Committee Investigation Committee of the Russian Federation ITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ITLOS Order Order prescribing provisional measures issued by ITLOS on 22 November 2013 in “Arctic Sunrise” (Kingdom of the Netherlands v. Russian Federation) Marchenkov Interrogation Witness Interrogation Report of Nikolai Anatolievich Marchenkov Report (gunnery officer on the Ladoga) dated 24 September 2014, Investigation Committee Memorial Netherlands’ Memorial dated 31 August 2014 the Netherlands The Kingdom of the Netherlands, the claimant in this arbitration PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration RHIB Rigid hull inflatable boat Parties The Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Russian Federation Prirazlomnaya Offshore oil production platform located in the Pechora Sea at 69º 15ʹ56.88ʺ N 57º 17ʹ17.34ʺ E, in Russia’s EEZ Russia (or Russian The Russian Federation, the respondent in this arbitration Federation) Second Supplementary The Netherlands’ Second Supplemental Written Pleadings (Replies Submission to Questions Posed by the Arbitral Tribunal to the Netherlands pursuant to Section 2.1.4.1 of Procedural Order No. 2) dated 12 January 2015 Sokolov Interrogation Witness Interrogation Report of Alexei Sergeevich Sokolov (master Report mechanic on the Ladoga) dated 24 September 2014, Investigation Committee viii Solomakhin Interrogation Witness Interrogation Report of Ivan Alexandrovich Solomakhin Report (warrant officer on the Ladoga) dated 24 September 2014, Investigation Committee Statement of Claim The Netherlands’ Statement of the Claim and the Grounds on which it is Based dated 4 October 2013 SUA Convention Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988 SUA Fixed Platforms Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Protocol Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, 1988 Supplementary Submission The Netherlands’ Supplementary Written Pleadings on Reparation for Injury dated 30 September 2014 Third Supplementary The Netherlands’ Third Supplemental Written Pleadings (Replies to Submission Further Questions from the Arbitral Tribunal Arising out of the Netherlands’ Second Supplemental Submission dated 12 January 2015) dated 25 February 2015 ix This page intentionally blank x

Description:
PCA Case Nº 2014-02 of Infrastructure and the Environment of the . Release of the Arctic 30 and the Arctic Sunrise; end of legal proceedings in .. Reproduced here is the English translation (from the original Russian) of the
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.