Arctic Social Indicators

303 Pages·2015·3.96 MB·English

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Arctic Social Indicators
ASI II: Implementation
Arctic Social Indicators
Arctic Social Indicators II (ASI-II) is a follow-up activity to ASI-I (2010)
and the first Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR, 2004).
The objective of ASI (2010) was to develop a small set of Arctic
specific social indicators that as a collective would help facilitate the
tracking and monitoring of change in human development in the Arctic.
ASI indicators were developed for six domains that are considered
prominent aspects of human development in the Arctic by residents
in the Arctic: Health and Population; Material Wellbeing; Education;
Cultural Wellbeing; Contact with Nature; and Fate Control.
The objective of the present volume of ASI is to present and discuss
the findings of the work on measuring the set of recommended ASI
indicators; to conduct a series of regional case studies to illustrate and
test the strength and applicability of these indicators; to identify and
describe data challenges for the Arctic region specifically in relation
to these Arctic specific indicators and to draw conclusions about the
ability of ASI to track changes in human development; and to formulate
policy relevant conclusions for the long-term monitoring of Arctic
human development.
The core content of ASI-II is a set of five carefully selected case studies,
which form the basis for drawing conclusions about the applicability of
the ASI indicators and for formulating policy relevant conclusions. Case
studies are performed for Sakha Republic (Yakutia); the West-Nordic
Region; Northwest Territories; Inuit Regions of Alaska; and the Inuit
World, with the Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic (SLiCA) used to
augment ASI.
Findings on the state and changes in Arctic human development and
wellbeing are presented. Based on our analysis and conclusions from
the five case studies the framework for an ASI monitoring system
is introduced. We argue that the long-term monitoring of human
development in the Arctic would be greatly facilitated by the regular
and frequent collection and reporting of relevant data, including those
required for the proposed small set of ASI indicators.
TemaNord 2014:568
ISBN 978-92-893-3886-8 (PRINT)
ISBN 978-92-893-3888-2 (PDF)
ISBN 978-92-893-3887-5 (EPUB)
ISSN 0908-6692
Joan Nymand Larsen, Peter Schweitzer and Andrey Petrov (Eds.)
TN2014568 omslag.indd 1 13-02-2015 12:25:44

Arctic Social Indicators
ASI II: Implementation

TemaNord 2014:568
A rctic Social Indicators
A SI II: Implementation
ISBN 978-92-893-3886-8 (PRINT)
ISBN 978-92-893-3888-2 (PDF)
ISBN 978-92-893-3887-5 (EPUB)

http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2014-568

T emaNord 2014:568
I©SSN 0908-6692
Nordic Council of Ministers 2014
Layout: Hanne Lebech
Cover photo: Rasmus Ole Rasmussen

Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk
Copies: 200

Printed in Denmark

This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers.
However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom-
mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers.
www .norden.org/en/publications

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is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv-
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has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im-
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cNoomrdmicu cnoi-toyp ienr aa tsitorno ng Europe.
seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the
global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the
world’s most innovative and competitive.
Nordic Council of Ministers

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Content
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 7
Preface..................................................................................................................................................... 11

PART I: Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 13
1. Tracking Change in Human Development in the Arctic
Joan Nymand Larsen, Peter P. Schweitzer, Andrey Petrov and Gail Fondahl ............ 15
1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 15
1.2 Social Indicators .............................................................................................................. 32
1.3 Developing a Set of Arctic Social Indicators: The Process ............................... 33
1.4 Summary of ASI indicators .......................................................................................... 37
1.5 A Small Set of Arctic Social Indicators..................................................................... 42
1.6 Data Availability and Limitations ............................................................................. 43
1.7 Introduction to Focus Studies .................................................................................... 47
1.8 References ......................................................................................................................... 53

PART II: Case Studies ......................................................................................................................... 55
2. Sakha Repubic (Yakutia), Russian Federation
Gail Fondahl, Susie Crate and Viktoriia V. Filippova ......................................................... 57
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 57
2.2 Data and Methodology .................................................................................................. 59
2.3 Health and Population Domain.................................................................................. 61
2.4 Material Wellbeing Domain ........................................................................................ 68
2.5 Education Domain .......................................................................................................... 72
2.6 Cultural Wellbeing and Cultural vitality ................................................................. 74
2.7 Contact with Nature ....................................................................................................... 78
2.8 Fate Control Domain ..................................................................................................... 81
2.9 Summary and Conclusions .......................................................................................... 85
2.10 References ......................................................................................................................... 88
3. The Northwest Territories, Canada
Andrey Petrov, Leslie King and Philip Cavin ........................................................................ 93
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 93
3.2 Data and Methodology .................................................................................................. 96
3.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 102
3.4 References ....................................................................................................................... 136
4. West-Nordic Region
Rasmus Ole Rasmussen, Johanna Roto and Lawrence C. Hamilton ............................ 139
4.1 Introduction: The West-Nordic Region ................................................................ 139
4.2 Data and Methodology ................................................................................................ 150
4.3 Health and Population Domain................................................................................ 151
4.4 The Material Wellbeing Domain ............................................................................. 157
4.5 The Education Domain ............................................................................................... 160
4.6 Cultural Wellbeing and Cultural Vitality Domain ............................................. 165
4.7 Contact with the Nature Domain ............................................................................ 171
4.8 Fate Control Domain ................................................................................................... 175
4.9 Conclusions..................................................................................................................... 179
4.10 References....................................................................................................................... 180
5. Inuit Regions of Alaska
Peter P. Schweitzer, Raymond Barnhardt, Matthew Berman and
Lawrence Kaplan ........................................................................................................................ 183
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 183
5.2 Data and Methodology................................................................................................ 192
5.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 198
5.4 Conclusions and Discussion...................................................................................... 220
5.5 References....................................................................................................................... 222
6. The Inuit World: Measuring living conditions & subjective wellbeing –
monitoring human development using Survey of Living Conditions in the
Arctic (SLiCA) to augment ASI for the Inuit World
Birger Poppel ............................................................................................................................... 225
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 225
6.2 The Concept of Subjective Wellbeing ..................................................................... 229
6.3 ASI Domains and SLiCA Indicators ........................................................................ 229
6.4 A Case study: SLiCA as a Provider of Indicators to the ASI
Framework ..................................................................................................................... 231
6.5 Health and Wellbeing .................................................................................................. 232
6.6 Material Wellbeing ....................................................................................................... 238
6.7 Education ........................................................................................................................ 244
6.8 How well does SLiCA apply to the ASI domain Education and
selected indicators? ..................................................................................................... 249
6.9 Cultural wellbeing and cultural vitality ................................................................ 249
6.10 Contact with Nature (Closeness to Nature) ........................................................ 254
6.11 Fate Control .................................................................................................................... 257
6.12 Summary and Concluding Remarks ...................................................................... 262
6.13 Annex 1 ............................................................................................................................ 268
6.14 Annex 2 ............................................................................................................................ 270
6.15 Annex 3 ............................................................................................................................ 271
6.16 References....................................................................................................................... 272

PART III: Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 275
7. Conclusion: Measuring Change in Human Development in the Arctic
Joan Nymand Larsen, Peter P. Schweitzer and Andrey Petrov ..................................... 277
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 277
7.2 Summary of Major Findings ..................................................................................... 281
7.3 ASI Monitoring System ............................................................................................... 287
7.4 The International Polar Year and the Monitoring of Human
Development in the Arctic......................................................................................... 294
7.5 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................... 296
7.6 References....................................................................................................................... 297
8. Sammenfatning .......................................................................................................................... 299
Acknowledgements
Editorial team
Joan Nymand Larsen
Peter Schweitzer
Andrey Petrov
Project manager and co-editor
Joan Nymand Larsen
Executive Committee
Joan Nymand Larsen – Project Leader, Iceland
Peter Schweitzer – Co-Project Leader, USA
Gail Fondahl – Executive Member, Canada
ASI Secretariat
Stefansson Arctic Institute / Stofnun Vilhjálms Stefánssonar, Akureyri,
Iceland: www.svs.is
Lead authors, contributing experts, and ASI-II team participants
Andrey Petrov
Birger Poppel
Bruce Forbes
Ellen Inga Turi
Erik Gant
Florian Stammler
Gail Fondahl
Gerard Duhaime
Gorm Winther
Gunn-Britt Retter
Igor Krupnik
Jack Kruse
Joan Nymand Larsen
Jón Haukur Ingimundarson
Johanna Roto
Lawrence D. Kaplan
Lawrence C. Hamilton
Leslie King
Matthew Berman
Michael Laiho
Mike Gill
Natalia Loukacheva
Oran Young
Peter Schweitzer
Philip Cavin
Rasmus Ole Rasmusssen
Raymond Barnhardt
Stephanie Irlbacher Fox
Susan Crate
Søren Bitsch
Torunn Pettersen
Tekke Terpstra
Victoria Filippova
Yvon Csonka
Arctic Maps
Winfried Dallmann (AHDR map)
Rasmus Ole Rasmussen, Nordregio
Johanna Roto, Nordregio
Melodié Martin, Nordregio
José Sterling, Nordregio

We are grateful for all the invaluable feedback from anonymous peer
reviewers, including review comments received on ASI-II findings at
numerous international conferences, workshops, and seminars.
The Sustainable Development Working Group of the Arctic Council:
Indigenous peoples organizations, permanent participants,
international organizations
 Aleut International Association (AIA)
 Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC)
 Gwichín Council International (GCI)
 Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC)
 Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON)
 Saami Council
 Canada
 Denmark/Greenland/Faroe Islands
8 Arctic Social Indicators