arctic marine biodiversity monitoring plan

188 Pages·2017·2.65 MB·English

Arctic Council Open Access Repository
Arctic Council http://www.arctic-council.org/
1.7 Denmark Chairmanship I (Apr 2009 - May 2011) 4. SAO Meeting, 16 - 17 March 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark

ARCTIC MARINE BIODIVERSITY
MONITORING PLAN (CBMP-MARINE PLAN).

2011

Gill, M.J.; Crane, K.; Hindrum, R.; Arneberg, P.; Bysveen, I.; Denisenko,
N.V.; Gofman, V.; Grant-Friedman, A.; Gudmundsson, G.; Hopcroft, R.R.;
Iken, K.; Labansen, A.; Liubina, O.S.; Melnikov, I.A.; Moore, S.E.; Reist,
J.D.; Sirenko, B.I.; Stow, J.; Ugarte, F.; Vongraven, D.; Watkins, J.

CAFF International Secretariat
http://hdl.handle.net/11374/1067

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Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan): Final Draft / January 2011 1
1 1
2
3
ARCTIC MARINE BIODIVERSITY MONITORING PLAN
4
(CBMP-MARINE PLAN)
5
6 FINAL DRAFT
7 --FEBRUARY 2011--
8 Gill, M.J., K. Crane, R. Hindrum, P. Arneberg, I. Bysveen, N.V. Denisenko, V. Gofman, A. Grant-Friedman,
9 G. Gudmundsson, R.R. Hopcroft, K. Iken, A. Labansen, O.S. Liubina, I.A. Melnikov, S.E. Moore, J.D. Reist,
10 B.I. Sirenko, J. Stow, F. Ugarte, D. Vongraven, and J. Watkins.
11 Submitted by the
12 Marine Expert Monitoring Group
13 Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program
14 Contact: Mike Gill
15 Chair, Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program
16 Northern Conservation Division | Division de la conservation du Nord
17 Canadian Wildlife Service | Service Canadien de la faune
18 Environment Canada | Environnement Canada
19 91780 Alaska Highway | 91780 autoroute Alaska
20 Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada Y1A 5X7
21 [email protected]
22 Telephone | Téléphone 867-393-6760
23 Facsimile | Télécopieur 867-393-7970
24
25
Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan): Final Draft / January 2011 2
1 Executive Summary
2 Arctic biodiversity is under growing pressure from both climate change and resource
3 development, requiring both managers and users to have access to more complete information
4 to help them make timely and informed conservation and adaptation decisions. Yet existing
5 monitoring programs remain largely uncoordinated, limiting our ability to effectively monitor,
6 understand and respond to biodiversity trends at the circumpolar scale. The maintenance of
7 healthy Arctic ecosystems is a global imperative as the Arctic plays a critical role in the Earth’s
8 physical, chemical and biological balance. Maintaining the health of Arctic ecosystems is also
9 of fundamental economic, cultural and spiritual importance to Arctic residents, many of whom
10 maintain close ties to the land and sea.
11 The Arctic’s size and complexity represents a significant challenge towards detecting and
12 attributing changes in biodiversity. This demands an integrated, pan-Arctic, ecosystem-based
13 approach that can effectively identify important trends in biodiversity and identify their underlying
14 causes.
15 To meet these challenges, CAFF’s Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP) is
16 working with partners across the Arctic to harmonize and enhance long-term Arctic biodiversity
17 monitoring in order to facilitate more rapid detection, communication and response to significant
18 trends and pressures. Towards this end, the CBMP is developing four, ecosystem-based Arctic
19 biodiversity monitoring plans (Marine, Terrestrial, Freshwater and Coastal). These umbrella
20 monitoring plans work with existing monitoring capacity to facilitate improved and cost-effective
21 monitoring through enhanced integration and coordination.
22 The Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan) is the first of the CBMP’s
23 four pan-Arctic biodiversity monitoring plans. The overall goal of the CBMP-Marine Plan is to
24 improve our ability to detect and understand the causes of long-term change in the composition,
25 structure and function of arctic marine ecosystems, as well as to develop authoritative
26 assessments of key elements of arctic marine biodiversity (e.g., key indicators, ecologically
27 pivotal and/or other important taxa).
28 The CBMP-Marine Plan integrates existing marine biodiversity monitoring efforts (both
29 traditional scientific and community-based) from across the Arctic and represents an agreement
30 between six Arctic coastal nations and a great number of national, regional, Aboriginal and
31 academic organizations and agencies in all six countries on how to monitor arctic marine
32 ecosystems. More specifically, the Plan identifies agreement on the following:
33  A suite of common biological parameters and indicators to monitor and report on change
34 across arctic marine ecosystems;
35  Key abiotic parameters, relevant to marine biodiversity, which should be monitored;
36  Optimal sampling schemes (e.g., where, when and how the suite of parameters should be
37 measured and by whom); and,
Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan): Final Draft / January 2011 3
1  Arctic Marine Areas, by which monitoring results will be organized and reported.
2 The Plan also begins to identify:
3  Priority gaps (taxa, spatial, and/or temporal) in monitoring coverage; and,
4  Existing data sets and information that can be aggregated to map biodiversity and to
5 establish baselines and retrospective trends in arctic marine biodiversity.
6 The creation of the Marine Expert Networks will further the work of identifying priority gaps,
7 identifying existing datasets for aggregation and further refining the suite of biological
8 indicators that will be used to report on the state and function of arctic marine ecosystems.
9 The Plan also details the outputs of this effort, or more specifically, how the biological
10 information will be managed, integrated, analyzed and reported on with a focus on:
11  Producing long-term data sets that can facilitate a greater understanding of natural variability
12 in arctic marine ecosystems and the response of these systems to anthropogenic drivers;
13  Creating a publicly accessible, efficient, and transparent platform to house and manage
14 information on the status of and trends in arctic marine biodiversity to facilitate more
15 effective policy responses; and,
16  Providing regular and authoritative assessments of key elements and regions of the arctic
17 marine system that respond to regional, national, and international reporting requirements.
18 Finally, Plan implementation timelines and costs over the next 10 years are detailed to ensure
19 appropriate resourcing for this coordinated effort.
20 Implementation of this coordinated Plan will result in improved capacity to detect, attribute and
21 report on biodiversity change in the Arctic marine environment, at a lower cost than multiple,
22 uncoordinated approaches.
23
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Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan): Final Draft / January 2011 4
1 Acknowledgements
2 The Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan) could not have been developed
3 without the participation and cooperation from a large number of scientists and Indigenous and
4 government experts from the Arctic marine countries and beyond.
5 The CBMP Marine Expert Monitoring Group (MEMG) was appointed by the CAFF Board with national
6 representatives from Russia, Greenland/Denmark, Iceland, Canada, US, and Norway in 2008.
7 Additionally, the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) and Aleut International
8 Association (AIA) appointed experts to the group. The Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program
9 (CBMP) Office in Whitehorse, Canada provided the secretariat functions for the group.
10 The MEMG arranged two large workshops in 2009, one in Tromsø, Norway in January and one in Coral
11 Gables, Florida in November, to assist its work to develop the CBMP-Marine Plan. Through these
12 workshops, in addition to the members of the Marine Expert Monitoring Group, the following scientists
13 and experts contributed to the final product: Eddy Carmack, Sarah Adamowicz, Connie Lovejoy, John
14 Nelson, Grant Gilchrist, Scot Nickels, Philippe Archambault, and Steve Ferguson from Canada, Hajo
15 Eicken, Peter Thomas, Catherine Mecklenburg, James Berner, Carin Ashjian, Jackie Grebmeier, and
16 Gillian Lichota from the USA, Sergei Pisarev, Renat Gogorev, Olga Pronina, Ksenia Kosobokova, Yuri M.
17 Yakovlev, Natalia Chernova, and Maria Gavrilo from Russia, Mats Granskog, Cecilie von Quillfeldt, Paul
18 Wassmann, Vidar Bakken, Knut Sunnanå, Sabine Cochrane, Hein Rune Skjoldal, Jakob Gjøsæter, Lis
19 Lindal Jørgensen, Erlend Lorentzen, and Jon Aars from Norway, Anders Mosbech, Morten Frederiksen,
20 Henrik Lund, Kristine Arendt, and Doris Schiedek from Greenland/Denmark, and Aever Petersen from
21 Iceland.
22 During the scientific review of the draft versions of the CBMP-Marine Plan in January and July 2010 the
23 following organizations, scientists and experts provided comments and input of great value to the
24 enhancement of the document: Jon Aars, Tycho Anker-Nilssen, Sabine Cochrane, Per Døvle, Sigrun
25 Einarson, Geir Gabrielsen, Jakob Gjøsæter, Mats Granskog, Haakon Hop, Geir Johnsen, Lis Lindal
26 Jørgensen, Kit Kovacs, Ole Jørgen Lønne, Erlend Lorentsen, Erik Olsen, Cecilie von Quillfeldt, Lars Otto
27 Reiersen, Egil Sakshaug, Hein Rune Skjoldal, Anne Britt Storeng, Hallvard Strøm, Knut Sunnanå, and Paul
28 Wassmann from Norway; including Norwegian institutions and institutes, the Norwegian Polar Institute,
29 the Institute for Marine Research, Akvaplan NIVA, the University of Svalbard, University of Science and
30 Technology, the AMAP Secretariat, the University of Tromsø, and the Directorate for Nature
31 Management . From Canada, the following experts and organizations provided comments and input:
32 Christine Michel (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), Jim Hamilton (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), Philippe
33 Archambault (Université du Québec à Rimouski), Bill Doidge (Makivik Corporation), Humfrey Melling
34 (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), John Nelson (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), Michel Poulin (Canadian
35 Museum of Nature), Lisa Loseto (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), Calvyn Wenghofer (Fisheries and
36 Oceans Canada), Donald McLennan (Parks Canada Agency), Bob Keeley (Fisheries and Oceans Canada),
37 Margaret Treble (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), Steve Ferguson (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), Birgit
38 Braune (Environment Canada) and Carolyn Allen (Fisheries and Oceans Canada). From the US, the
39 following scientists provided valuable feedback: Carin Asjian, (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution),
Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan): Final Draft / January 2011 5
1 Bodil Bluhm (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Rolf Gradinger (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Jackie
2 Grebmeier , Jim Murphey and Ed Farley (Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA), Robert Suydam,
3 (North slope Bureau, Alaskan Department of Wildlife), Clarence Pautzke, (North Pacific Research Board),
4 Phyllis Stabeno, and Jim Overland (PMEL, NOAA), Elizabeth McClanahan, (NOAA), Justin Crawford and
5 Lori Quakenbush (Alaska Department of Fish and Game), Rosa Mehan and colleagues (U.S. Fish and
6 Wildlife Service) and Jay Chadwick (U.S. Geological Survey). Valuable input was provided by the Pacific
7 Arctic Group who helped to develop the international arm of the Distributed Biological Observatory in
8 the Pacific Arctic Region, and the Arctic Census of Marine Life (ArcOD) whose compilations of historical
9 data provided valuable historic biodiversity baselines in the Arctic. The RUSALCA (Russian-American
10 Long-term Census of the Arctic) also provided the backbone for many of the sentinel stations
11 determined for the Pacific Arctic Region. Jørgen Christiansen also advised the U.S. team of experts
12 from the University of Tromso, Norway. From Greenland/Denmark: Henrik Lund, Martin Blicher and
13 Kristine Arendt (Greenland Institute of Natural Resources) and Morten Frederiksen (National
14 Environmental Research Institute, Denmark) provided feedback. From Iceland, Olafur Astthorsson and
15 Asthor Gislason at the Marine Institute in Iceland provided advice.
16 Naturally, the authors accept responsibility for any errors or omission in this work.
17
Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan): Final Draft / January 2011 6
1 Contents
2 Executive Summary
3 Acknowledgements
4 1 Introduction and Background ............................................................................................................... 1
5 1.1 Overall Goals and Objectives of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan ........................ 3
6 1.2 Definition of Biodiversity .............................................................................................................. 4
7 1.3 Scope of the Monitoring Plan ....................................................................................................... 4
8 1.4 Integrated, Ecosystem-based Approach to Arctic Biodiversity Monitoring ................................. 5
9 1.5 “Network of Networks” Approach ................................................................................................ 5
10 1.6 Community-based Monitoring, Citizen Science, and Historical Information ............................... 8
11 1.6.1 Community-based Monitoring and Citizen Science .............................................................. 8
12 1.6.2 Historical data ....................................................................................................................... 8
13 1.7 Links and Relevance to Other Programs and Activities ................................................................ 8
14 1.8 Benefits of Contributing to a Circumpolar, Coordinated Effort .................................................. 11
15 2 Arctic Marine Areas............................................................................................................................. 12
16 2.1 Criteria Used to Delineate Arctic Marine Areas .......................................................................... 13
17 2.2 Arctic Marine Areas..................................................................................................................... 13
18 3 Conceptual Model of Arctic Marine Ecosystems ................................................................................ 15
19 4 Selecting Priority Focal Ecosystem Components, Parameters, and Indicators .................................. 18
20 4.1 Process for Identifying and Selecting Candidate Focal Ecosystem Components, Parameters, and
21 Indicators ................................................................................................................................................ 18
22 4.1.1 Background paper and workshop process .......................................................................... 18
23 4.1.2 Scoping process ................................................................................................................... 18
24 4.1.3 Criteria for selecting parameters and indicators ................................................................ 19
25 5 Coordinated Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring: Priority Focal Ecosystem Components,
26 Parameters, and Indicators ......................................................................................................................... 22
Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan): Final Draft / January 2011 7
1 5.1 Focal Ecosystem Components .................................................................................................... 22
2 5.2 Drivers ......................................................................................................................................... 23
3 5.3 Monitoring Objectives ................................................................................................................ 24
4 5.4 Priority Parameters and Indicators ............................................................................................. 24
5 5.4.1 Parameters and indicators by discipline ............................................................................. 26
6 5.4.3 Existing Monitoring Programs and Their Coverage by Focal Ecosystem Component and
7 Arctic Marine Area .............................................................................................................................. 42
8 6 Sampling Design .................................................................................................................................. 59
9 6.1 Plankton ...................................................................................................................................... 59
10 6.1.1 Pan-arctic sampling approach ............................................................................................. 59
11 6.1.2 Sampling protocols.............................................................................................................. 61
12 6.2 Sea-Ice Biota................................................................................................................................ 63
13 6.2.1 Sampling approach.............................................................................................................. 63
14 6.3 Benthos ....................................................................................................................................... 65
15 6.3.1 Sampling approach.............................................................................................................. 65
16 6.3.2 Sampling protocols.............................................................................................................. 67
17 6.4 Fish .............................................................................................................................................. 70
18 6.4.1 Sampling approach.............................................................................................................. 70
19 6.4.2 Sampling protocols.............................................................................................................. 72
20 6.5 Seabirds ....................................................................................................................................... 74
21 6.5.1 Sampling approach.............................................................................................................. 74
22 6.6 Marine Mammals ........................................................................................................................ 78
23 6.6.1 Sampling approach.............................................................................................................. 79
24 6.6.2 Sampling protocols.............................................................................................................. 81
25 7 Data Management Framework ........................................................................................................... 83
26 7.1 Data Management Objectives for the CBMP .............................................................................. 83
Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan): Final Draft / January 2011 8
1 7.2 Purpose of Data Management .................................................................................................... 84
2 7.3 Coordinated Data Management and Access: the CBMP Web-based Data Portal ...................... 84
3 7.4 Data Storage ................................................................................................................................ 88
4 7.5 Data Policy .................................................................................................................................. 88
5 7.5.1 Ownership and custodianship ............................................................................................. 88
6 7.5.2 Intellectual property rights ................................................................................................. 89
7 7.5.3 Data sharing and access ...................................................................................................... 90
8 7.5.4 Data release code................................................................................................................ 90
9 7.5.5 Data use restrictions ........................................................................................................... 90
10 7.5.6 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 91
11 7.6 Data and Metadata Standards .................................................................................................... 91
12 8 Data, Samples, and Information Analysis ........................................................................................... 93
13 8.1 Basis for Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 93
14 8.1.1 Start-up phase ..................................................................................................................... 93
15 8.1.2 Subsequent phases ............................................................................................................. 95
16 8.2 Analysis Approach ....................................................................................................................... 96
17 8.2.1 Indicators of change: tracking status and trends in arctic marine ecosystems .................. 97
18 9 Reporting........................................................................................................................................... 108
19 9.1 Audiences .................................................................................................................................. 108
20 9.2 Types of Reporting .................................................................................................................... 108
21 9.3 Reporting Results ...................................................................................................................... 110
22 9.3.1 State of Arctic Marine Biodiversity Report ....................................................................... 110
23 9.3.2 Status of indicators ........................................................................................................... 110
24 9.3.3 Independent review .......................................................................................................... 111
25 9.3.4 Scientific publications ....................................................................................................... 111
Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan (CBMP-Marine Plan): Final Draft / January 2011 9
1 9.3.5 Performance reports and work plans ............................................................................... 111
2 9.3.6 Various summaries and other communications material ................................................. 111
3 10 Administration and Implementation of the Monitoring Program ................................................ 112
4 10.1 Governing Structure .................................................................................................................. 112
5 10.2 Program Review ........................................................................................................................ 115
6 11 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 117
7 12 Glossary of Acronyms ................................................................................................................... 119
8 Appendix A: Implementation Schedule and Budget ......................................................................... 123
9 Implementation schedule ................................................................................................................. 124
10 Budget ............................................................................................................................................... 126
11 Appendix B. Current and Historical Sampling Coverage Maps by Discipline ............................................ 129
12 Appendix C. Arctic Marine Areas .............................................................................................................. 134
13 Pacific Arctic Gateway ........................................................................................................................... 136
14 Physical characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 136
15 Biological characteristics ................................................................................................................... 137
16 Pressures ........................................................................................................................................... 137
17 Atlantic Arctic Gateway......................................................................................................................... 139
18 Physical characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 139
19 Biological characteristics ................................................................................................................... 141
20 Pressures ........................................................................................................................................... 142
21 Beaufort Sea .......................................................................................................................................... 144
22 Physical characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 144
23 Biological characteristics ................................................................................................................... 144
24 Pressures ........................................................................................................................................... 145
25 Arctic Basin ............................................................................................................................................ 147