Table Of Content

Frontiers in International Relations Beate Steinveg Arctic Governance Through Conferencing Actors, Agendas and Arenas Frontiers in International Relations SeriesEditors BenjaminTallis,InstituteofInternationalRelations,Prague,CzechRepublic MarenHofius,UniversityofHamburg,Hamburg,Germany ElkeSchwarz,QueenMaryUniversityofLondon,London,UK KristinHaugevik,NorwegianInstituteofInternationalAffairs,Oslo,Norway This book series pushes the boundaries of International Relations (IR) and breaks new ground by thinking and writing from the limits of the discipline and beyond. Frontiers in International Relations (FIR) welcomes original scholarship that expandsandchallengesourunderstandingofIRbyexploringnewsubfields,offer- inginnovativeperspectives onpressing problems,orenquiring intoIR’sanalytical andnormativepremises.Tothatend,itexplicitlyseeksworksthatengageincross- disciplinary dialogue with related disciplines and develop innovative ways to ana- lyseandapproachthesubjectmatter. *** The series welcomes standard monographs and edited volumes, as well as handbooks. Itparticularly encouragesearly-career scholars andinnovative projects tosubmitmanuscripts,andprovidesrapidandconstructivefeedback.Alltitlesinthe seriesarepeer-reviewed. Beate Steinveg Arctic Governance Through Conferencing Actors, Agendas and Arenas BeateSteinveg FacultyofSocialSciences NordUniversity Bodø,Norway ISSN2662-9429 ISSN2662-9437 (electronic) FrontiersinInternationalRelations ISBN978-3-031-23331-9 ISBN978-3-031-23332-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23332-6 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Acknowledgments Thisbookwouldnotexistwithoutthehelpandcontributionsofothers. Iammostgratefultoalltheintervieweeswhocontributedtothestudywiththeir time,insight,andperspectivesonconferencesintheArctic.Iamalsothankfultoall thosewhohavetakentimetodiscussmyresearchatconferences,andtothosewho haveprovidedcomments andfeedbacksatseminars and workshops.Particularly, I amobligedtothedevotedgroupofArcticsocialsciencescholarswhohaveincluded meinthisacademiccommunityasayoungresearcher.Thishasbeenmostinspiring andencouraging. TheopponentsatmyPhDdefense,ProfessorElanaWilsonRoweandProfessor KlausDodds,deservemuchthanks.Bothformakingmestretchtheboundariesand explore new frontiers of my research and for encouraging me to view the Arctic conferencespherealsointhebroadercontextofinternationalrelations.Theirinput hasbeeninvaluableforthisbook.ProfessorDoddsalsocontributedtomythinking aroundconferencesrelatedtothe“idealmodel”appliedinthisbook. Iwouldalsoliketothanktheanonymousreviewerofthebookmanuscript,forthe veryconstructivecommentsandsuggestionsforimprovement,andtheeditorsofthe book,fortheirpatienceandexcellentadvice. IoweadeepdebtofgratitudetoformercolleaguesatUiT—TheArcticUniver- sity of Norway, who always offered their advice. Especially my PhD supervisors, ProfessorKnutMikalsenandProfessorHans-KristianHernes. I was so fortunate as to receive a grant from the Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education at UiT—The Arctic University of Norway in the fall of 2021.Writingthisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthisfinancialsupport. v Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 ATheoreticalFrameworkforGlobalConferencing. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 StudyingArcticGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 OutlineoftheBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 AnalyticalFrameworkandCases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1 ATheoreticalFrameworkforGlobalConferencing. . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1.1 TheNeorealistPerspectiveonInternationalRelations andActorsintheArcticConferenceSphere. . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1.2 TheMultipleStreamsFrameworkandAgenda-Setting atConferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.1.3 RegimeTheoryandtheArcticGovernanceArchitecture. . . 20 2.2 CentralDevelopmentsintheArcticConferenceSphere. . . . . . . . . 24 2.3 TheIdealModelofaConference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.4 ArcticFrontiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.4.1 TheStructureandOrganizationoftheArcticFrontiers. . .. 29 2.4.2 ParticipantsandPartnersoftheArcticFrontiers. . . . . . . . . 31 2.4.3 TheArcticFrontiers’InternationalOutreach:Seminars Abroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4.4 TheValueoftheArcticFrontiersforNorway. . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4.5 StrengthsandWeaknessesoftheArcticFrontiers. . . . . .. 35 2.5 ArcticCircleAssembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.5.1 StructureandOrganizationoftheArcticCircle Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.5.2 ParticipantsandPartnersoftheArcticCircle. . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.5.3 TheArcticCircle’sInternationalOutreach:ArcticCircle Forums. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.5.4 TheValueoftheArcticCircleAssemblyforIceland. . . . . 43 vii viii Contents 2.5.5 StrengthsandWeaknessesoftheArcticCircleAssembly. . 45 2.6 TwoDifferentModelsforConferenceOrganizing?. . . . . . . . . . . . 48 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3 ArcticGovernance:Actors,Processes,andStructures. . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.1 ArcticStatesandTheirInterestsintheRegion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.2 EmergingNon-ArcticStakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3 Non-governmentalOrganizationsinArcticGovernance. . . .. . . .. 66 3.4 TheHistoryandStructureoftheArcticCouncil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.5 ArcticGovernanceArrangements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.5.1 TheArcticFiveandtheLawoftheSea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.5.2 BarentsCooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.5.3 NordicCooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.5.4 TheArcticEconomicCouncil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.5.5 TheArcticScienceMinisterial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.6 ConcludingRemarks. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. 74 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4 Actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.1 TheFunctionsofConferencesforArcticStateRepresentatives. . . 80 4.2 TheFunctionsofConferencesforNon-ArcticState Representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.3 TheEpistemicCommunityintheArcticConferenceSphere. . . . . 91 4.4 BusinessRepresentativesatArcticConferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4.5 TheFunctionsofConferencesforInstitutionsand Non-governmentalOrganizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.6 IndigenousPeoplesatArcticConferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.7 LocalandRegionalRepresentativesatArcticConferences. . . . . . 100 4.8 ConferencesasToolsofStatecraft,InnovativeInstruments, andArenasforExpandingtheArcticCommunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5 Agenda-Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.1 TheArcticFrontiers:KeepingtheArcticOceanontheAgenda. . . 108 5.2 TheArcticCircleAssembly:Agenda-SettingThrough theMissionCouncils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.3 TheProblemStream:GlobalizingArcticIssues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.4 ThePolicyStream:DevelopingandSellingIdeasatArctic Conferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.5 ThePoliticalStream:ConferencesasArenasforCoalition Building. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 119 5.6 ConferencesasAgenda-SettingArenas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 References..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ..... ...... ..... .. 123 Contents ix 6 TheArcticGovernanceArchitecture. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.1 Geopolitics:ConferencesinaChangingWorldOrder. . . . . . . . . . 126 6.2 ConferencesasSupplementstotheArcticCouncil. . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.2.1 ExpandingtheArcticAgenda. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 6.2.2 BroadeningStakeholderInvolvementinArcticAffairs. . . . 136 6.3 TheArcticGovernanceRegimeComplex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.4 ConferencesWithintheArcticGovernanceArchitecture. . . . . . . . 145 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 7 GovernancebyConference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 7.1 TwoDifferentModelsforConferenceOrganizing. . . . . . . . . . .. . 152 7.2 TheFunctionsofConferencesforActorsinArcticGovernance. . . 154 7.3 TheAgenda-SettingFunctionofConferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 7.4 ConferencesWithintheArcticGovernanceArchitecture. . . . . . . . 160 7.5 ConcludingRemarksandAreasforFurtherResearch. . . . . . . . . . 162 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Index. ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... 167 Abbreviations AC ArcticCouncil ACA ArcticCircleAssembly ACGF ArcticCoastGuardForum ACIA ArcticClimateImpactAssessment AEC ArcticEconomicCouncil AEPS ArcticEnvironmentProtectionStrategy AF ArcticFrontiers AIP ArcticInvestmentProtocol AMAP ArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgramme ASSW ArcticScienceSummitWeek ASM ArcticScienceMinisterial BEAC BarentsEuro-ArcticCouncil BRC BarentsRegionalCouncil CAFF ConservationofArcticFloraandFauna DoD DepartmentofDefense EEZ ExclusiveEconomicZone EPPR EmergencyPrevention,PreparednessandResponse EU EuropeanUnion IAF InternationalArcticForum IASC InternationalArcticScienceCommittee IASSA InternationalArcticSocialScienceAssociation ICASS InternationalCongressofArcticSocialSciences IMO InternationalMaritimeOrganization IPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange MoU MemorandumofUnderstanding MSF MultipleStreamsFramework NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization NF NorthernForum NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganization NRF NorthernResearchForum xi