arctic environmental cooperation. a study in governmentality PDF
Preview arctic environmental cooperation. a study in governmentality
ARCTIC ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION. A STUDY IN GOVERNMENTALITY Arctic Environmental Cooperation. A Study in Governmentality MONICA TENNBERG Contents Preface vi List of Abbreviations vii Major Events in the Arctic Cooperation ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Discourse on Sovereignty 13 3 Discourse on Knowledge 44 4 Discourse on Development 74 5 Governmentality in the Arctic 102 Bibliography 132 Unpublished Material and Documents 132 Interviews and Personal Communication 139 Published Documents and Literature 141 Index 162 v Preface This book is an edited version of my dissertation ‘The Arctic Council. A Study in Governmentality’ (University of Lapland, 1998). I am grateful to professor Harto Hakovirta who insisted that I do ‘my own thing’. I am also grateful to Juha Auvinen, Vilho Harle, Helena Rytövuori-Apunen and David Scrivener for their comments during the final phase of this work. Clive Archer, Jyrki Käkönen and Oran Young also had an important role in helping to finish this story finally. I am, however, responsible for any shortcomings and mistakes that may appear in this work. I have had the privilege of participating in the activities of the International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA), first as treasurer and later as a member of the IASSA Council. This study would have been very different without this experience. I’m grateful to Linna and Ludger Müller-Wille for their friendship and cooperation. Discussions with Tarja Saarelainen, Seija Tuulentie and Timo Koivurova on Michel Foucault, ethnic relations and international law at the University of Lapland have been important in advancing the intellectual process. This story would have remained untold without the opportunity to spend six months at the Institute of Arctic Studies, Dartmouth College in the USA. A grant from the Academy of Finland made this visit possible. I am also grateful to the library staff at the University of Lapland, especially the interlibrary service, for their assistance over the past few years. To Lassi Heininen, Anne Nuorgam, Leif Rantala, Bruce Rigby, Oran Young and Henrik Elling I owe thanks for their help in collating the research material. The interviewees gave both their time and ideas to this study. For this I am deeply grateful. Rovaniemi, 27 August, 1999 vi List of Abbreviations AEPS Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program AMEC Arctic Military Environmental Cooperation ANCSA Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ASDI Arctic Sustainable Development Initiative CAFF Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna CARC Canadian Arctic Resources Council ECE Economic Commission of Europe, United Nations EPPR Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response HOD Head of Delegation IASC International Arctic Science Committee IASSA International Arctic Social Sciences Association ICC Inuit Circumpolar Conference ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Seas ILO International Labour Organization vii IPO Indigenous Peoples Organization IPS Indigenous Peoples’ Secretariat IRCS Inuit Regional Conservation Strategy IUCH International Union on Circumpolar Health IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources MMPA Marine Mammal Protection Act NGO Non-Governmental Organization PAME Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment SAAO Senior Arctic Affairs’ Official SAO Senior Arctic Official TEK Traditional Ecological Knowledge TFSDU Task Force on Sustainable Development and Utilization of Natural Resources UNCED United Nations’ Conference on Environment and Development UNCHE United Nations’ Conference on Human Environment UNEP United Nations’ Environmental Program UNGASS United Nations’ General Assembly Special Session WWF World Wide Fund for Nature viii Major Events in the Arctic Cooperation 1987, 1 October Gorbachev Speech in Murmansk, USSR 1989, 24 November Mulroney Speech in Leningrad, USSR 1988, 12-15 December Leningrad Conference on Scientific Research in the Arctic, USSR 1989, 20-26 September AEPS Preparatory Meeting, Rovaniemi, Finland 1990, 18-23 April AEPS Preparatory Meeting, Yellowknife, Canada 1990, 23 August International Association of Arctic Social Sciences (IASSA) established 1990, 28 August International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) established 1991, 15-17 January AEPS Preparatory Meeting, Kiruna, Sweden 1991, 13-14 June AEPS Ministerial Meeting, Rovaniemi, Finland 1991, 17-20 June Arctic Leaders Summit, ix Horsholm, Denmark 1990, 8 November Northern Forum established 1992, 3-14 June UN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1993, 11 January Kirkenes Declaration on Barents Euro-Arctic Cooperation, Norway 1993, 16-17 August Parliamentarians Conference, Reykjavik, Iceland 1993, 16 September AEPS Ministerial Meeting, Nuuk, Greenland 1994, 15 June Barents Euro- Arctic Region, Environmental Ministers’ Meeting, Bodø, Norway 1996, 13-14 March Parliamentarians Conference, Yellowknife, Canada 1996, 20-21 March AEPS Ministerial Meeting, Inuvik, Canada 1996, 19 September Establishment of the Arctic Council, Ottawa, Canada 1997, 12-13 June AEPS Meeting, Alta, Norway 1997, 23-27 June UN General Assembly Special Session, New York, United x
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