Arctic and Alpine Mycology II

360 Pages·1987·13.2 MB·English

by  Gary A. Laursen

ARCTIC AND
ALPINE
MYCOLOGY II
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
Editorial Board
Alexander Hollaender
Council for Research Planning
in Biological Sciences, Inc.
Washington, D.C.
Ronald F. Probstein
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Bruce L. Welch
Environmental Biomedicine Research, Inc.
and
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 27 -SHORT-TERM BIOASSA YS IN THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX
ENVIRONMENTAL MIXTURES III
Edited by Michael D. Waters, Shah beg S. Sandhu,
Joellen Lewtas, Larry Claxton, Neil Chernoff,
and Stephen Nesnow
Volume 28-UTILIZATION OF MAMMALIAN SPECIFIC LOCUS STUDIES
IN HAZARD EVALUATION AND ESTIMATION OF GENETIC RISK
Edited by Frederick J. de Serres and William Sheridan
Volume 29-APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MARKERS TO
CARCINOGEN TESTING
Edited by Harry A. Milman and Stewart Sell
Volume 3D-INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO GENOTOXIC AGENTS IN THE
HUMAN POPULATION
Edited by Frederick J. de Serres and Ronald W. Pero
Volume 31-MUTATION, CANCER, AND MALFORMATION
Edited by Ernest H. Y. Chu and Walderico M. Generoso
Volume 32-SHORT-TERM BIOASSAYS IN THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX
ENVIRONMENTAL MIXTURES IV
Edited by Michael D. Waters, Shahbeg S. Sandhu, Joellen Lewtas,
Larry Claxton, Gary Strauss, and Stephen Nesnow
Volume 33-ACID RAIN: Economic Assessment
Edited by Paulette Mandelbaum
Volume 34-ARCTIC AND ALPINE MYCOLOGY II
Edited by Gary A. Laursen, Joseph F. Ammirati, and
Scott A. Redhead
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ARCTIC AND
ALPINE
MYCOLOGY II
Edited by
Gary A. Laursen
School of Agricultllre and Land Hesollrces Management
University of Alaslw
Fairbanks, Alaska
Joseph F. Ammirati
Department of Botany
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
and
Scott A. Redhead
Biosystenwtics Research Centre
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on Arcto-Alpine Mycology (2nd: 1984: Fetan, Switzerland)
Arctic and alpine mycology II.
(Environmental science research; v. 34)
"Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Arctic and Alpine
Mycology, held August 26-September 2, 1984, in Fetan, Switzerland" - T.p. verso.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Fungi - Arctic regions - Congresses. 2. Mycology - Congresses. 3. Alpine flora
Congresses. 1. Laursen, Gary A. II. Ammirati, )oseph F. III. Redhead, Scott A. IV. Ti
tie. V. Title: Arctic and alpine mycology. 2. Vi. Series.
QK615.157 1984 589.2'0998 87-7814
ISBN 978-1-4757-1941-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-1939-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-1939-0
Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Arctic ancl Alpine
Mycology, held August 26-September 2, 1984, in Fetan, Switzerland
© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1987.
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retricval systcm, or transmittcd
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission horn the Publisher
PREFACE
During the summer of 1980, the First International symposium on
Arctic and Alpine Mycology (ISAM-I) was held at the then extant Naval
Arctic Research Laboratory near Barrow, Alaska, U.S.A., well within the
Arctic Circle (Laursen and Ammirati, Arctic and Alpine Mycology. The
First International symposium on Arcto-Alpine Mycology. Univ. Wash.
Press, 1982). The facility is currently owned and operated by the
Utkeagvik Inupiat community and is named the National Academic and
Research Laboratory, thus retaining its acronym NARL.
Twenty-five scientists participated in that historic first meeting.
Their interests in the fungi spanned a vast geographic area of cold
dominated habitats in both the northern and southern hemispheres that
included four continents (N. and S. America, Eurasia,and Antarctica), nine
countries, and numerous islands ranging from Greenland to Jan Mayen in the
Svalbard group.
ISAM-I helped to develop ongoing interests and initiate others. This
is what ISAM-I founders hoped would happen. Asa result, the organizing
committee for ISAM-II was formed. Its mandate was to: involve a maximum
of one third new participants in future ISAM meetings: divide the
responsibility for organizing future meetings at sites located in areas of
interest to research thrusts in Arctic and alpine environments: keep the
number of participants small enough to ensure manageability, taking full
advantage of field collecting opportunities with minimal complications and
cost.
ISAM-II was held in eastern Switzerland in the Unter-Engadin at the
Hochalpines Tochter-Institut at Fetan/Ftan near the swiss National Park,
from August 26 to September 2, 1984. The National Park was a favorite
collecting area of a swiss pioneer in alpine mycology, Jules Favre.
Twenty-eight participants, all pictured in Figure 1, represented twelve
countries as follows: Austria (1); Canada (1); Denmark (3); Finland (2);
France (2); Germany (1); Japan (1); Norway (3); Scotland (2); Sweden (2);
Switzerland (7); and the U. S. A. (3). They visited a variety of alpine
sites, including type localities, in a carefully planned and executed
itinerary of field trips organized by Prof. E. Muller and Dr. E. Horak and
their students. The group was fortunate enough to have good weather for
the duration of the symposium, as the following week the entire area
became snowed under with an early storm. Evening sessions were devoted to
the presentation of papers and examination of specimens which often led to
animated discussions between seasoned older researchers and younger
scientists, between North Americans and Europeans, and between taxonomists
and ecologists. There was an important balance between senior,
middle-level, younger and graduate-level scientists, insuring continued
growth, an influx of new research ideas, and an infusion of individuals
researching mycological problems in Arctic and alpine habitats.
v
Growing popularity in Artic and alpine mycology requires that
organizers of future ISAM meetings restrict the number in forays to about
25-30 individuals. This is mainly due to the difficulties involved in
supporting and transporting large groups to remote sites. Holding formal
symposia in conjunction with other international meetings in more central
metropolitan areas may be necessary to facilitate the interaction of a
larger group. This could be coupled with a 7-10 day foray to a'remote
site with a smaller group of participants. This problem needs resolving
if groups of more than 30 participants are going to meet at future
symposium gatherings.
The establishment of Arctic and Alpine Mycology Mycology as a branch
of study was addressed at ISAM-II. A preamble for "Arranging the ISAM"
was drafted by M. Lange (Copenhagen) and adopted at the ISAM-II business
meeting. It sets guidelines for organizing future ISAM gatherings in a
meaningful 1 way and allows for the development of all aspects of Arctic
and alpine mycology.
The preamble is as follows:
1. Invitations for the next assembly are considered and determined at
each ISAM. The session should accept one invitation and indicate a
second priority.
2. A representative of the inviting nation is selected as President for
the next ISAM period. He/she has the responsibility for making all
arrangements.
3. The ISAM is open only by invitation. Persons invited shall
constitute a qualified group with broad expertise in arcto-alpine
mycology. No past ISAM members may claim the privilage of an
invitation.
4. It shall be the right of members of the last ISAM to suggest
participants to the next assembly.
5. The President will draw up a list of potential participants from
nations participating in arcto-alpine research in mycology, keeping
in mind geographical distribution. He/she shall consult with
previous presidents on matters of principle or of major importance.
6. Definite invitations shall be issued not later than nine months
before the ISAM assembly.
7. If the President must cancel the arrangement, then he/she shall
inform the two previous Presidents before defintive action is taken.
He/she shall inform a representative of the nation that extended the
second priority. The country in question shall then appoint a
President who shall assume the above responsibilities.
8. ISAM members shall submit a relevant paper to be printed in a special
ISAM publication in accordance with decisions and arrangements made
by the President. To facilitate this, the President may appoint an
editorial committee.
The organizational structure and membership, albeit small, exists.
Previously unresolved and long range objectives may be developed for
adoption. These and other professional activities have resulted in our
making positive strides toward meeting and correcting criticisms of the
ISAM-I volumne.
vi
A third ISAM is scheduled to take place in 1988 at Svalbard
(Norway). The site for the meeting is positioned above 780 N latitude.
The following committees have been established:
Executive Committee:
Sigmund Sivertsen (Norway-Trondheim) President
Egon Horak (Switzerland-Zurich) Past President
Gary Laursen (U. S. A.-Alaska) Secretary
organizing committee (Norway):
Sigmund Sivertsen, Chairperson
Gro Gulden
Trond Schumacher
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
No meeting of this magnitude is ever conducted without support given
from several sources. From Vice Chancellor for Research and Advanced
Study at the University of Alaska came a travel grant: from the
Mikrobiologisches Institut and the Geobotanisches Institut,
Eidegenossische Technische Hochschule, ZUrich, came all logistical support
and arrangements, and from President H. Ursprung's office came financial
support; the Swiss Army provided vehicles for local foray transportation;
the Hochalpines Tochter-Institut and its summer staff provided gracious
living accommodations; the Swiss National Park provided collecting permits
for several forays into various sections of the park; and Mr. G. A.
Mulligan, Director of the Biosystematics Research Centre, Ottawa, provided
the resources necessary to prepare and index all manuscripts in a
camera-ready format.
G. A. Laursen
J. F. Ammirati
S. A. Redhead
vii
CONTENTS
Introduct ion •.••....•........•....•••...•••••••••..••••••••••••••••• 1
BIOGEOGRAPHY
On the Origin and Ecology of Alpine Plant Parasitic Fungi ..•...•..•. 3
E. Muller and J. A. Magnuson
Larger Arctic-Alpine Fungi in Scotland 17
R. Watling
ECOLOGY/PHYSIOLOGY
Ecophysiological Studies on Alpine Macromycetes: Saprophytic
Clitocybe and Mycorrhizal Hebeloma associated with
Dryas octopetala 47
J. C. Debaud
sociology and Ecology of Larger Fungi in the Subarctic and
Oroarctic Zones in Northwest Finnish Lapland .....•.....•••••••• 61
K. Metsanheimo
Endophytic Fungi of Alpine Ericaceae. The Endophytes of
Loiseleuria procumbens .........••..•..•.....••.•••••••••....••. 71
o. Petrini
TAXONOMY: ASCOMYCETES
Three 4-spored Saccobolus species from North East Greenland ••.....•. 79
H. Dissing
Ascomycetes Growing on Polytrichum sexangulare ...•.••••••••••.....•. 87
P. Dobbeler
Nordic Juncicolous Mycosphaerellae 109
L. Holm and K. Holm
New Svalbard Fungi 123
S. Huhtinen
ix
Phaeosphaeria in the Arctic and Alpine Zones ........................ 153
A. Leuchtmann
Sarcoleotia globosa (Sommerf.: Fr.) Korf. Taxonomy
Ecology and Distribution....................................... 163
T. Schumacher and S. Sivertsen
(see also Muller and Magnuson. Petrini. Watling)
TAXONOMY: BASIDIOMYCETES
The Genus Galerina on Svalbard 177
G. Gulden
Astrosporina in the Alpine Zone of the Swiss National
Park (SNP) and Adjacent Regions ................................ 205
E. Horak
Agaricaceae. Amanitaceae. Boletaceae. Gomphidiaceae.
Paxillaceae and Pluteaceae in Greenland ........................ 235
H. Knudsen and T. Borgen
Agaricales de la Zone Alpine. Genus Cortinarius Fr .•
Subgenus Telamonia (Fr.) Loud. Part III ....................... 255
D. Lamoure
Arctic Gasteromycetes. The Genus Bovista in
Greenland and Svalbard ......................................... 261
M. Lange
Hygrophoraceae from Arctic and Alpine Tundra in Alaska .............. 273
G. A. Laursen. J. F. Ammirati and D. F. Farr
Higher Fungi in Tundra and Subalpine Tundra from the
Yukon Territory and Alaska ..................................... 287
o. K. Miller. Jr.
Fungi (Agaricales. Russulales) from the Alpine Zone of
Yellowstone National Park and the Beartooth Mountains
with Special Emphasis on Cortinarius ........................... 299
M. Moser and K. H. McKnight
Lichenized Agarics: Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Riddles ............. 319
S. A. Redhead and Th. W. Kuyper
(see also Debaud. Huhtinen. Metsanheimo. Watling)
Contributors 349
Part icipants Photograph ............................................. 351
Index ............................................................... 353
x
INTRODUCTION
Research topics from the following papers which constitute the second
International Symposium on Arctic and Alpine Mycology (ISAM) are largely
biased in favour of taxonomy, perhaps because of the pioneering work being
conducted in the field of Arctic and alpine mycology. The present volumne
contains a collection of 20 papers dealing with fungi from Arctic,
Arctic-like, or alpine habitats (c.f. Watling's paper); eight of which are
devoted wholly or inpart to the Ascomycotina and eleven that are dedicated
to investigations mainly on the Basidiomycotina. Abstracts for most these
works were published separately (Laursen and Ammirati, Univ. Alaska,
Agric. Exp. Stn., Misc. Pub. 84-2, 1984).
Leading papers of these proceedings are two biogeographically
oriented papers which give overviews on the historically linked origins of
alpine fungi, illucidated by examples of parasitic ascomycetes from the
Alps (Muller and Magnuson), and contemporary climatic factors influencing
the distribution of Arctic-alpine fungi, with relatively low altitude
areas of Scotland serving as an unusual example (watling). These are
followed by three papers detailing specific factors related to the
ecological niches and fruiting periods of mycorrhizal and saprophytic
agarics in alpine Dryas mounds, subarctic birch and spruce forests, and
heaths, and endophytic ascomycetes in Lo1seleur1a (Debaud, Metsanheimo,
Petrini). Finally there are two sections largely devoted to taxonomy of
first the Ascomycetes, and secondly the Basidiomycetes. Two of these
address problems in the large fleshy terrestrial or coprophilous
discomycetes in the genera Saccobolus and Sarcoleot1a (Schumacher and
Sivertsen), another documents microascomycetes specifically parasitizing a
characteristic Arctic-alpine moss, Polytr1chum sexangulare (Dobbeler),
and a fourth summarizes data on Nordic juncicolous species in the
parasitic/saprophytic genus Mycosphaerella (Holm and Holm). A key to
the Arctic and alpine Phaeosphaer1a is given in another (Leuchtmann).
Finally, this section leads into the Basidiomycete section with a paper
covering a variety of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes from Svalbard
(Huhtinen).
In the Basidiomycete section one contribution is an in depth
examination of the historical facts concerning the study of the omphaloid,
mainly Arctic and alpine basidiolichens, and the repercussions of these
studies with novel interpretations (Redhead and Kuyper). Two are studies
on mycorrhizal species in Astrospor1na/Inocybe; one historically linked
to the studies and collecting sites of J. Favre (Horak), the other an
exploration of new territory (Miller). Two contributions concentrate on
the genus Cortinar1us - the subgenus Telamonia from European alpine
sites (Lamoure), and notable taxa from alpine sites in western North