Arctic Air Pollution

345 Pages·2009·6.58 MB·English

by  B. Stonehouse

ARCTIC AIR POLLUTION
Studies in Polar Research
This series of publications reflects the growth of research activity in and about
the polar regions, and provides a means of disseminating the results. Coverage
is international and interdisciplinary: the books will be relatively short (about
200 pages), but fully illustrated. Most will be surveys of the present state of
knowledge in a given subject rather than research reports, conference proceed-
ings or collected papers. The scope of the series is wide and will include studies
in all the biological, physical and social sciences.
Editorial Board
R. J. Adie, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge
T. E. Armstrong, Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge
D. J. Drewry, Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge
S. W. Greene, Department of Botany, University of Reading
B. Stonehouse, Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge
P. Wadhams, Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge
D. W. Walton, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge
I. Whitaker, Department of Anthropology, Simon Fraser University, British
Columbia
Other titles in this series :
The Antarctic Circumpolar Ocean
Sir George Deacon
The Living Tundra
Yu. I. Chernov, transl. D. Love
Transit Management in the Northwest Passage
edited by C. Lamson and D. Vanderzwaag
The Antarctic Treaty Regime
edited by Gillian D. Triggs
ARCTIC AIR POLLUTION
EDITED BY B. STONEHOUSE
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The University has printed
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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© Cambridge University Press 1986
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1986
This digitally printed version 2008
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-521-33000-8 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-09339-2 paperback
CONTENTS
Part 1. Composition, source areas and transport pathways 1
Arctic air chemistry: an overview. Leonard A. Barrie . . .. 5
Physical and chemical properties of arctic aerosols and clouds. J. Heintzen-
berg, H-C. Hansson, D. S. Covert, J-P. Blanchet andj. A, Ogren . 25
The Greenland aerosol: elemental composition, seasonal variations and
likely sources. Niels Z. Heidam . . . . . .. 37
Origin and characteristics of aerosols in the Norwegian Arctic. Brynjulf
Ottar and Jozef M. Pacyna 53
Problems of air quality in local arctic and sub-arctic areas, and regional
problems of arctic haze. Carl S. Benson 69
Who's polluting the Arctic? Why is it so important to know? An American
p e r s p e c t i v e. K. A. R a hn and D o u g l as H. L o w e n t h al . . .. 85
Part 2. Local, regional, global, ecological and climatic implications 97
Light-absorbing combustion-generated particles over reflecting polar ice.
H. Rosen and A. D. A. Hansen 101
Arctic haze and the radiation balance. F. P. J. Valero and T. P. Ackerman 121
The International Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program. Russell C.
Schnell 135
The arctic haze-arctic cloud connection. Glenn E. Shaw. . . . 143
The importance of arctic haze for the energy budget of the Arctic. Thomas
P. Ackerman, Janine M. Stenback and Francisco P. J. Valero . . 151
The Barrow aerosol record, 1976-1984. Barry A. Bodhaine . . . 159
Past and present chemistry of north and south polar snow. Robert J. Delmas 175
Future chemical measurements in the Arctic atmosphere. 0ystein Hov . 187
Part 3. Health and ecological issues 197
Epidemiology of health effects of air pollution. Maureen M. Henderson - 201
Biological effects of low-level ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Arthur
C. Upton 207
Ecological processes in the cycling of radionuclides within Arctic
ecosystems. W. C. Hanson 221
Cancer incidence and risk in Alaskan natives exposed to radioactive fallout.
Charles D. Stutzman and Donna M. Nelson 229
VI
Indoor air pollution and public health concerns. John D. Spengler and
William A. Turner 239
Exposure to heavy metals in Greenland from natural and man-made
sources. Jens. C. Hans en . . . . . . . .. 249
Ecological implications of arctic air pollution. John Harte . . . 259
Part 4. International cooperation and state responsibility 269
The impact of human and industrial activities on the Arctic environment:
legal considerations and international liabilities. L. Rey . . . 271
Cooperation of China, Japan and United States in the study of long-range
aerosol transport to the Pacific and Arctic. John W. Winchester,
Ming-Xing Wang and Yoshikazu Hashimoto . . . . . 281
International scientific cooperation in the Arctic: problems, opportunities
and US responsibilities. Juan G. Roederer 289
Arctic haze and bush Alaskan villages. Harold Sparck and David Friday 297
Arctic air pollution and Alaska's concerns. R. E. Neve . . .. 305
Modern life systems of indigenous people of bush Alaska. Matthew Bean 307
5. Conclusions
Conclusions from the Arctic Atmospheric Pollution Conference. C. C.
Wallen 309
Index 321
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME
ACKERMAN, Dr T. P. Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett
Field, CA 94035 USA
BARRIE, Dr L. A. Atmospheric Environment Service, 4905 Dufferin Street,
Downsview Ont., Canada M3H 5T4
BEAN, M. Wildlife Liason, Association of Village Council Presidents, Bethel, AK 99559
USA
BENSON, Prof C. S. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska at Fairbanks,
Fairbanks, AL 99701 USA
BLANCHET, J-P. Canadian Climate Centre, 4095 Dufferin Street, Downsview,
Ontario, M3H 5T4 Canada
BODHAINE, Dr B. A. Office of Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change, Air
Resources Laboratory, NOAA-US Dept of Commerce, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO
80303 USA
COVERT, D. S. Department of Environmental Health, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195 USA
DELMAS, Dr R. J. Laboratoire de Glaciologie du CNRS, 2 rue Tres-Cloitres, 38031
Grenoble-Cedex, France
FRIDAY, D. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Boards, Bethel, AK
99559 USA
HANSEN, A. D. A., Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
HANSEN, Prof J. C. Hygiejnisk Institut, Aarhus Universitet, 800 Aarhus, Denmark
HANSON, Dr W. C. Hanson Environmental Research Services, 1902 Yew St Road,
Bellingham, WA 98226 USA
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Vlll
HANSSON, J-C. Department of Meteorology, University of Stockholm, 10691
Stockholm, Sweden
HASHIMOTO. Y. Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1
Hioshi, Kohokuku, Yokohama 223 Japan
HEIDAM, Prof N. Z. National Agency of Enviromental Protection, Air Pollution
Laboratory, RisP National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
HEINTZENBERG, Prof J. Department of Meteorology, University of Stockholm,
10691 Stockholm, Sweden
HENDERSON, Dr M. M. Department of Epidemiology, SC-36 University of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
HOV, Dr 0. Norwegian Institute for Air Research, PO Box 130, Elvegaten 52, N-2001
Lillestrom, Norway
LOWENTHAL, D. H. Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Studies, Graduate School
of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197 USA
MING-XING WANG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
NEVE, R. A. Office of the Governor of Alaska, Juneau, AK USA.
OGREN, J. A. Department of Meteorology, University of Stockholm, 10691 Stockholm,
Sweden
O'ROURKE, Dr P. J. Office of the Chancellor, University of Alaska at Fairbanks,
Fairbanks, AK 99701, USA
OTTAR, Prof B. Norwegian Institute for Air Research, PO Box 130, N-2001,
Lillestrom, Norway
PACYNA, J. M. Norwegian Institute for Air Research, PO Box 130, N-2001,
Lillestrom, Norway
RAHN, Prof K. A. Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Studies, Graduate School of
Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197 USA
REY, Prof L. Comite Arctique Internationale, La Jaquiere, CH-1066 Epalinges,
Switzerland
ROEDERER, Dr J. G. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska at Fairbanks,
Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA
ROSEN, Dr H. IBM Research Laboratories, San Jose, CA USA
SCHNELL, Dr R. C. CIRES, University of Colorado, ERL-ARL, 325 Broadway,
Boulder, CO 80309 USA
IX
SHAW, Prof G. E. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska at Fairbanks, Fairbanks,
AK 99701 USA
SPARCK, H. Nunam Kitlutsisti, PO Box 206, Bethel, AK 99559 USA
SPENGLER, Prof J. D. Dept of Environmental Science & Physiology, Harvard
University School of Public Health, Building 1, Room 1305, 665 Huntington Avenue,
Boston, MA 02115 USA
STENBACK, J. M. Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett
Field, CA 94035 USA
STONEHOUSE, Dr B. Scott Polar Research Institute, Lensfield Road, Cambridge
CB2 1ER UK
STUTZMAN, Dr C. D. Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TE 37232 USA
TURNER, W. A. Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston MA 02115 USA
UPTON, Dr A. C. Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical
Centre, 550 First Avenue, MSB 213, New York, NY 10016 USA
VALERO, Dr F. P. J. Astrophysical Experiment Branch, NASA Ames Research Center,
Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA
WALLEN, C. C. World Meteorological Organization, Secretariat, CH- 1211 Geneva 20,
Switzerland
WINCHESTER, Prof J. W. Department of Oceanography, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, FL 32306-3048 USA