Archology and the Bible by George A Barton

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Title: Archæology and the Bible

Author: George A. Barton

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ARCHÆOLOGY AND THE BIBLE

A Hillside Street in Roman Jerusalem along which

Jesus and the Disciples may well have walked

(after Germer-Durand).—Frontispiece.

Green Fund Book, No. 17

ARCHÆOLOGY AND

THE BIBLE

BY

GEORGE A. BARTON, Ph. D., LL. D.

PROFESSOR OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND SEMITIC LANGUAGES

IN BRYN MAWR COLLEGE; SOMETIME DIRECTOR OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH IN JERUSALEM

PART I

THE BIBLE LANDS, THEIR EXPLORATION, AND THE RESULTANT

LIGHT ON THE BIBLE AND HISTORY

PART II

TRANSLATIONS OF ANCIENT DOCUMENTS WHICH CONFIRM OR

ILLUMINATE THE BIBLE

PHILADELPHIA

AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION

1816 Chestnut Street

Copyright, 1916, by

American Sunday-School Union

All rights vested in and reserved by
American Sunday-School Union

First Edition, May, 1916.
Second Edition, June, 1917.

To

CAROLINE B. D. BARTON

Faithful Comrade in
the Campaign of Life

PREFACE
[Pg v]

For a hundred years or more the explorer and the excavator have been busy in many parts of the world. They
have brought to light monuments and texts that have in many cases revolutionized our conceptions of history and
have in other cases thrown much new light on what was previously known.

In no part of the world have these labors been more fruitful than in the lands of the Bible. In Egypt and Babylonia
vistas of history have been opened to view that were undreamed of before exploration began. The same is true
for that part of the history of Palestine which antedates the coming of Israel. Information has also been obtained
which illumines later portions of the history, and makes the Biblical narrative seem much more vivid. It is now
possible to make real to oneself the details of the life of the Biblical heroes, and to understand the problems of
their world as formerly one could not do. Exploration has also brought to light many inscriptions in the various
countries that confirm or illuminate the traditions, history, poetry, and prophecy of the Bible. The sands of Egypt
have even yielded us some reputed new sayings of our Lord.

It is the purpose of this book to gather into one volume the most valuable information of all sorts that the
excavations in Bible lands have afforded, and to put it in such form that it may be of service to the pastor and
Sunday-school teacher. An attempt has been made so to present the material that one may not only have the
wealth of illumination for Biblical study that exploration has produced, but also that he may possess an outline of
the history of the exploration and of the countries sufficient to enable him to place each item in its proper
perspective. Whether in handling so large a mass of data the writer has achieved his aim, the reader must judge.
The preparation of the volume was undertaken at the request of the Board of Managers of the American Sunday-
School Union, for publication under the John C. Green Income Fund,—a fund founded in 1877 “for the purpose
of aiding ... in securing a Sunday-school literature of the highest order of merit ... by procuring works ... germane
to the objects of the Society.” The foundation requires that the manuscripts procured by the fund shall become the
exclusive property of the American Sunday-School Union, and, that the selling price may be reduced, the Society
is prohibited from including the cost of the manuscript in the price of the book.

This work is confined to those phases of archæology upon which light has been thrown by exploration. No
attempt is made, for example, to treat the constitution of the Hebrew family, or the dress worn in ancient
Palestine, for these are subjects to which exploration has contributed no new knowledge.

The texts published in Part II have, with few exceptions, been freshly translated by the writer especially for this
work. This is true of all except the majority of the Egyptian texts and two Greek papyri which were not accessible
in the original. Translations of these were taken from the works of well-known scholars, to each of whom credit is
given in connection with the passage quoted from his work. The quotations of Palestinian place names from the
inscriptions of the Egyptian kings, of which the writer has made a special study, are based on his own translations
of the originals.

An archæological fact, or a text brought to light by excavation, is often of little significance apart from its
interpretation, and the interpretation of such data frequently varies according to the point of view occupied by the
interpreter. As stated in the foreword of Part II, it has been the writer’s aim throughout to maintain a neutral
attitude on controverted points.

Not the least service that archæology has rendered has been the presentation of a new background against which
the inspiration of the Biblical writers stands out in striking vividness. Often one finds traditions in Babylonia
identical with those embodied in the Old Testament, but they are so narrated that no such conception of God
shines through them as shines through the Biblical narrative. Babylonians and Egyptians pour out their hearts in
psalms with something of the same fervor and pathos as the Hebrews, but no such vital conception of God and
his oneness gives shape to their faith and brings the longed-for strength to the spirit. Egyptian sages developed a
social conscience comparable in many respects with that of the Hebrew prophets, but they lacked the vital touch
of religious devotion which took the conceptions of the prophets out of the realm of individual speculation and
made them the working ethics of a whole people. Archæology thus reinforces to the modern man with
unmistakable emphasis the ancient words, “Men spake from God, being moved by the Holy Spirit” (2 Peter
1:21).

The writer is under obligation to all his predecessors. Endeavor has been made in the footnotes to acknowledge
each individual obligation. Lest any oversight may have occurred there, he would here express both his
indebtedness and his gratitude to all who by their various explorations and studies have preceded him and been
his teachers.

Of these, Prof. R. A. Stewart Macalister should, perhaps, be singled out for an especial word of gratitude, for in
Chapters VI-XI of Part I his work of excavation has been quoted more frequently than any other. This apparent
partiality is due to the fact that Gezer was excavated more completely than any other Palestinian site; that,
because of its early and long-continued occupation in ancient times, it reveals a great variety of civilizations; and
that, in The Excavation of Gezer, Prof. Macalister has presented the results of his work with a completeness
and a degree of intelligibility that no other excavator in Palestine has approached. He has made his work a model
of what such a publication should be, and has thereby made us all his debtors.

[Pg vi]

[Pg vii]

Especial thanks are due to Dr. George B. Gordon, Director of the University Museum, Philadelphia, for his
kindness in furnishing an advance copy of the proof-sheets of Volume X of the Publications of the Babylonian
Section of the museum, from which the material embodied in Chapter VIII of Part II was translated, and to Prof.
Morris Jastrow, Jr., and Dr. Edward Chiera for the benefit of their fresh collation of the text. This was of
considerable importance, since Dr. Langdon’s copy of large portions of it had been made from photographs,
rather than from the original tablet. The writer is also indebted to Prof. W. R. Arnold, of Andover Theological
Seminary, for helpful suggestions concerning the interpretation of a passage in the temple-papyrus from
Elephantine which has hitherto baffled translators. Thanks are also due to the following authors and publishers for
permission to reproduce illustrations contained in books written or published by them: The Palestine Exploration
Fund, for permission relating to Warren’s Jerusalem; Bliss and Macalister’s Excavations in Palestine, 1898-
1900; Macalister’s Excavation of Gezer, and Peters and Thiersch’s Painted Tombs of Marissa; Rev. Prof. C.
J. Ball, of Oxford, Light from the East; J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, Koldewey’s Das Wieder
Erstehende Babylon; Dr. I. Benzinger and Herr Paul Siebeck, Hebräische Archäologie; Monsieur J. Gabalda,
Vincent’s Jérusalem; Prof. A. T. Clay, of Yale, Light on the Old Testament from Babel; Prof. Paul Haupt, of
Johns Hopkins, The Psalms in his Sacred Books of the Old Testament; Rev. J. P. Peters and G. P. Putnam’s
Sons, Peters’ Nippur; Prof. C. C. Torrey, of Yale, Journal of the American Oriental Society; George H.
Doran Co., Ramsay’s Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia; Dr. Mitchell Carroll, American Journal of
Archæology and Art and Archæology; Rev. A. E. Breen, Diary of My Life in the Holy Land; Thomas Nelson
and Sons, The Illustrated Teachers’ Bible; and to Ferris and Leach, for permission to use again a number of
photographs published in the writer’s A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands. Dr. R. E. Brünnow not only granted
permission to reproduce illustrations from Brünnow and Domaszewski’s Provincia Arabia, but generously
loaned the original photographs and drawings. Prof. Harold N. Fowler, Editor of the American Journal of
Archæology, also kindly loaned an original photograph of the excavation at Sardis. The source of each
illustration, when not the writer’s own, is indicated in the list of illustrations by mentioning the name of the author
of the book or article from which it is taken.

Grateful acknowledgment should also be made to Rev. Edwin Wilbur Rice, D. D., Litt. D., Honorary Editor of
the Publications of the American Sunday-School Union, who carefully read the book in manuscript and made
many valuable criticisms and suggestions.

The table of contents and the chapter-headings were prepared by James McConaughy, Litt. D., Editor of the
Publications of the American Sunday-School Union; the indices, by A. J. R. Schumaker, M. A., Assistant Editor.
The writer is grateful to them, not only for this service, but for many helpful criticisms and courtesies while the
book has been passing through the press. Valuable suggestions have also been made by Mrs. Barton, who has
carefully read the proofs. Miss Bertha V. Dreisbach has given intelligent and painstaking service in preparing the
manuscript for the press, and in proof-reading; Mr. V. Winfield Challenger and Miss Laura G. Leach have
rendered a like valuable service in assembling and arranging the illustrations.

The quotations of Scripture passages throughout are from the American Standard Revised Version.

If this volume should bring to some remote worker or secluded young person a tithe of the inspiration and joy that
such a book would have brought the writer in the rural home of his boyhood, he would ask no higher reward for
the labor it has cost.

George A. Barton.

Bryn Mawr, Pa.

May, 1916.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

It is gratifying to know that this book has been found useful by so many students of the Bible and that a second
edition is necessary. Minor errors, especially typographical, have been corrected throughout the volume. The
chief feature of this edition is the addition of an Appendix, in which will be found some material that has come to
light in the last year, and one or two items that were overlooked when the first edition was written.

George A. Barton.

Bryn Mawr, Pa.

June, 1917.

[Pg viii]

[Pg ix]

[Pg x]

CONTENTS

PART I

Chapter
Page

List of Illustrations
1

Table of Signs
9

Introduction
11

I. Egypt
17

The Land. The Preservation of Antiquities. Egyptian Discoveries.
Decipherment. Chronology. Outline of the History. Egyptian
Discoveries which bear on the Bible.

II. Babylonia and Assyria
40

The Land. The Preservation of Antiquities. The Discovery of
Antiquities. The Decipherment of the Inscriptions. Chronology.
Outline of the History. Discoveries which illumine the Bible.

III. The Hittites
68

A Forgotten Empire. Hittite Monuments. Hittite Decipherment.
Hittite History.

IV. Palestine and Its Exploration
83

The Land. Early Exploration. Early American Explorations.
Palestine Exploration Fund. The German Palestine Society. The
American School at Jerusalem. Samaria. Parker’s Excavations at
Jerusalem. Latest Excavations.

V. Outline of Palestine’s Archæological History
103

The Early Stone Age. The Late Stone Age. The Amorites. The
Canaanites. Egyptian Domination. The Philistines. The Hebrews.
Philistine Civilization. The Hebrew Kingdoms. The Exile and After.
The Coming of Rome. Later History.

VI. The Cities of Palestine
123

Their Sites. The Walls. The Stone Work. Houses. Palaces.
Foundation Sacrifices. City Gates. Water Supply.

VII. Roads and Agriculture
132

VIII. Pottery
141

Importance of Pottery. Pre-Semitic Pottery. First Semitic Pottery
to 1800 b. c. Pottery of Second Semitic Period. Third Semitic
Period. Israelitish or Fourth Semitic Period. Hellenistic Period.

IX. Utensils and Personal Ornaments
149

X. Measures, Weights, and Money
158

Measures. Weights. Inscribed Weights. Money.

XI. High Places and Temples
167

[Pg x]

[Pg xi]

[Pg xii]

A Sanctuary of the Pre-Semitic Cave-Dwellers. A Rock-Altar at
Megiddo. A Rock-Altar at Jerusalem. High Place at Tell es-Safi.
High Place at Gezer. At Taanach. High Places at Petra. A
Supposed Philistine Temple. At Megiddo. The Temple to Augustus
at Samaria.

XII. The Tombs of Palestine
179

Burning the Dead. Cave Burials. Cistern Burial. Burial under
Menhirs. Earth-Graves. Rock-Hewn Shaft Tombs. Doorway
Tombs. Tombs with a Rolling-Stone.

XIII. Jerusalem
185

Situation. Gihon. Cave-Dwellers. The El-Amarna Period. Jebusite
Jerusalem. The City of David. Solomon’s Jerusalem. From
Solomon to Hezekiah. Hezekiah. From Hezekiah to the Exile. The
Destruction of 586 b. c. The Second Temple. Nehemiah and the
Walls. Late Persian and Early Greek Periods. In the Time of the
Maccabees. Asmonæan Jerusalem. Herod the Great. The Pool of
Bethesda. Gethsemane. Calvary. Agrippa I and the Third Wall.

XIV. The Decapolis
213

Origin. Damascus. Scythopolis. Cities East of the Sea of Galilee.
Gadara. Pella and Dion. Gerasa. Philadelphia. Jesus in the
Decapolis.

XV. Athens, Corinth, and the Churches of Asia
219

PART II

I. An Epic of the Creation which Circulated in Babylon and Assyria in the

Seventh Century b. c.

235

Text of the Epic. Comparison of the Epic with the First Chapter of
Genesis. The Epic and Other Parts of the Bible.

II. Another Account of the Creation Found at Babylon
255

Text of the Account. Comparison of it with Genesis 2.

III. The Babylonian Sabbath
258

Feast of Marduk and Zarpanit. A Day called Shabatum. A Day in
Some Tablets at Yale.

IV. The Legend of Adapa and the Fall of Man
260

Comparison with Genesis 3. The Adapa Myth.

V. The Patriarchs before the Flood
264

Babylonian Long-Lived Kings. Comparison with Genesis 5.
Comparison with Genesis 4. Comparison with the List of
Berossos.

VI. A Babylonian Account of the Flood, from a Tablet Written at Nineveh in

the Seventh Century b. c.

273

Translation of the Text. Comparison with Genesis 6-9. Another
Babylonian Version.

VII. An Account of the Creation and Flood, from a Tablet Written at Nippur

before 2000 b. c.

278

Translation. Comparison with the Other Version.

[Pg xiii]

VIII. An Account of the Origin of a City and the Beginning of Agriculture, from

a Tablet Written at Nippur before 2000 b. c.

283

Translation. Comparison with Biblical Material.

IX. Abraham and Archæology
290

Abraham hired an Ox. Abraham leased a Farm. Abraham paid his
Rent. Who was this Abraham? Travel between Babylonia and
Palestine. Hammurapi, King of the Westland. Kadur-Mabug.
Kings supposed by some to be those of Genesis 14.

X. Jacob and Joseph
299

Appearances of these Names in Babylonian and Egyptian Records.
“The Tale of the Two Brothers”; its Bearing on the Story of Joseph
in Genesis. Letters to a Ruler like Joseph. The Seven Years of
Famine. Inscription showing Preparation for Famine.

XI. Palestine in the Patriarchal Age
307

The Tale of Sinuhe. Communication between Egypt and Palestine.

XII. Moses and the Exodus
310

The Legend of Sargon of Agade; its Resemblance to the Story of
Moses. The Pillar of Merneptah; the Only Appearance of the
Name “Israel” outside of the Bible.

XIII. The Code of Hammurapi and the Pentateuch
313

The Text of the Code; Resemblance to and Contrast with the
Mosaic Code. The Mosaic Code not borrowed from the
Babylonian; Different Underlying Conceptions.

XIV. An Alleged Parallel to Leviticus—a Carthaginian Law Concerning

Sacrifices

342

The Text of the Carthaginian Law. Comparison with the Levitical
Law.

XV. Some Letters from Palestine
344

Letters of Rib-Adda of Gebal. Of Ebed-Hepa of Jerusalem. Their
Light on Conditions in the Period of the Egyptian Domination of
Palestine.

XVI. Documents from the Time of Israel’s Judges
352

Report of Wenamon. Its Illustration of Certain Points of Biblical
History about the Time of Deborah or Gideon. Reference to the
Philistines.

XVII. Archæological Light on the Books of Kings
358

Gudea and Cedar-Wood for his Palace. The Eponym Canon. The
Seal of Shema. Shishak’s List of Conquered Asiatic Cities.
Ashurnasirpal’s Description of his Expedition to Mediterranean
Lands. Shalmaneser III’s Claims regarding Tribute from the Kings
of Israel. The Moabite Stone. Adadnirari IV’s Mention of the
“Land of Omri.” Inscription describing Tiglathpileser IV’s
Campaign. Sargon’s Conquests. Sennacherib’s Western
Campaigns. The Siloam Inscription. Esarhaddon’s List of
Conquered Kings. Ashurbanipal’s Assyrian Campaign. Necho of
Egypt. Nebuchadrezzar II. Evil-Merodach. Discoveries in Sheba.

[Pg xiv]

XVIII. The End of the Babylonian Exile
382

Inscriptions of Nabuna’id; their Bearing on Biblical Statements
regarding Belshazzar. Account of the Capture of Babylon bearing
on the Book of Daniel. Inscription of Cyrus bearing on the Capture
of Babylon. Cyrus’s Permission for the Return to Jerusalem.

XIX. A Jewish Colony in Egypt during the Time of Nehemiah
387

Papyri Witness to the Existence of a Colony at Elephantine.
Translation of a Petition relating to their Temple. Reply of Persian
Governor. Historical Bearings of these Documents. A Letter
relating to the Passover. A Letter showing that the Jews were
Unpopular at Elephantine.

XX. A Babylonian Job
392

Translation of a Poem relating to the Afflictions of a Good Man.
Comparison with the Book of Job. A Fragment of Another Similar
Poem.

XXI. Psalms from Babylonia and Egypt
398

Character of their Psalms. Babylonian Prayers to the Goddess
Ishtar. Comparison with the Psalter. A Babylonian Hymn to the
Moon-God. A Babylonian Hymn to Bel. An Egyptian Hymn to the
Sun-God. Is the Hymn Monotheistic? An Egyptian Hymn in Praise
of Aton. Comparison with the Psalter.

XXII. Parallels to Proverbs and Ecclesiastes
407

The Nature of the Book of Proverbs and the Parallels. Babylonian
Proverbs from the Library of Ashurbanipal. Precepts from the
Library of Ashurbanipal. Comparison with the Bible. Egyptian
Precepts of Ptahhotep. Comparison with the Bible. Parallel to
Ecclesiastes from the Gilgamesh Epic.

XXIII. Egyptian Parallels to the Song of Songs
413

Nature of the Song of Songs. Translation of Some Egyptian Love-
Poems. Comparison with Biblical Passages.

XXIV. Illustrations of Passages in the Prophets
417

Uniqueness of the Prophetic Books. An Assyrian PropheticVision.
Comparison with the Bible. The Egyptian Social Conscience. Tale
of the Eloquent Peasant. Comparison with the Bible. An Ideal
King; Extract from the Admonitions of Ipuwer. Comparison with
Messianic Expectations. Sheol. Ishtar’s Descent to the
Underworld. Comparison with Prophetic Passages. A Lamentation
for Tammuz.

XXV. Reputed Sayings of Jesus Found in Egypt
428

Early Collections of the Words of Jesus. Translation of Sayings
found in 1897. Comments. Translation of a Leaf found in 1904.
Comments. Opinions as to these Sayings.

XXVI. Archæological Light on the Enrolment of Quirinius
432

[Pg xv]

Translation of a Papyrus showing that in the Second Century
Enrolment was made Every Fourteen Years. Comments.
Translation referring to an Enrolment in the Reign of Nero.
Fragment from the Reign of Tiberius. Enrolments probably
inaugurated by Augustus. Document showing that People went to
their own towns for Enrolment. Inscription supposed to refer to
Quirinius. Inscription from Asia Minor referring to Quirinius.
Discussion. Conclusions.

XXVII. Archæological Light on the Acts and Epistles
438

The Politarchs of Thessalonica. An Altar to Unknown Gods. An
Inscription from Delphi and the Date of Paul’s Contact with Gallio.
Some Epistles from Egypt. Inscriptions mentioning Aretas, King of
Arabia.

Appendix
445

Discoveries at Carchemish. Hrozny’s Decipherment of Hittite.
Discoveries at Jerusalem and Balata. A New Babylonian Account
of the Creation of Man. Reports of Commanders of Egyptian
Frontier-Fortresses Relating to the Entrance of Asiatics into Egypt
in Time of Famine. Supposed Trace of the Ten Lost Tribes in
Mesopotamia.

Index of Scripture Passages
453

Index
459

Illustrations: Plates 1-114.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

A Hillside Street in Roman Jerusalem along which Jesus and the Disciples may well
have walked

Frontispiece.

Figure
Plate

1 Syrian Traders in Egypt, from a Tomb at Beni Hasan (after Ball)
1

2 Crown of Lower Egypt
1

3 Crown of Upper Egypt
1

4 Crown of United Egypt
1

5 Sphinx and Pyramid of Khafre
1

6 Pyramids of Khufu and Khafre
2

7 Step Pyramid of Zoser
2

8 Body from a Pre-dynastic Tomb
3

9 Head of the Mummy of Ramses II
3

10 A Store-Chamber at Pithom (after Naville)
4

11 Ancient and Modern Brick-Making (after Petrie)
4

12 Plan of City and Temple of Leontopolis (after Petrie)
5

13 A Passover-Oven (after Petrie)
5

14 The Rosetta Stone (after Thomas Nelson and Sons)
6

15 The “Israel” Inscription of Merneptah
6

16 Mounds of Nuffar (after Clay)
7

17 Excavation at Nuffar (after Clay)
7

18 Gate of Ishtar, Babylon (after Koldewey)
8

19 Phalanx of Soldiers from Eannatum’s “Stele of Vultures”
8

[Pg 1]

20 Inscribed Column from Persepolis
9

21 Silver Vase of Entemena
9

22 Mound of Birs Nimrûd (after Peters)
9

23 Hittite Gates at Boghaz Koi (after Puchstein)
10

24 Hittite Types from Egyptian Monuments (after Garstang)
10

25 A Hittite King (after Puchstein)
11

26 The Boss of Tarkondemos
11

27 The Seal of Shema, Servant of Jeroboam
11

28 Tell el-Hesy after Excavation
12

29 The Site of the Old Testament Jericho
12

30 Excavation of Gezer
13

31 Remains of a Colonnaded Street at Samaria
13

32 Excavation at Tell Hum
14

33 Egyptians Attacking a Palestinian City (after Perrot and Chipiez)
14

34 Israelitish Jericho (after Sellin)
15

35 Israelitish Houses at Jericho (after Sellin)
15

36 Philistines from the Palace of Ramses III
16

37 Canaanitish Fortress at Jericho (after Sellin)
16

38 Inscribed Disc from Phæstos (one-fourth actual size)
17

39 Gebel Fureidis
17

40 Bastion for the Protection of an Inserted Tower (after Macalister)
18

41 Remains of Walls of Megiddo (after Schumacher)
18

42 Walls of Buildings at Samaria (after Reisner)
19

43 Specimens of Stone-Work at Gezer (after Macalister)
19

44 Building-Bricks from Gezer (after Macalister)
19

45 Plan of Palace at Taanach (after Sellin)
20

46 The Great City Wall at Gezer (after Macalister)
20

47 Israelitish Houses at Gezer
21

48 Specimens of Mosaic Floors (after Macalister)
21

49 A Doorway at Gezer (after Macalister)
22

50 Door-Sockets from Gezer (after Macalister)
22

51 Supposed House of Hiel, Jericho (after Sellin)
23

52 Foundation of the Palace of Omri, Samaria (after Reisner)
23

53 Hebrew Palace at Megiddo (after Schumacher)
23

54 Plan of the Maccabæan Castle at Gezer (after Macalister)
24

55 Stone-Work of the Maccabæan Castle (after Macalister)
24

56 A Foundation-Deposit, Gezer (after Macalister)
24

57 A City Gate at Megiddo (after Schumacher)
25

58 The South Gate at Gezer (after Macalister)
25

59 The South Gate at Beth-shemesh (after Mackenzie)
25

60 Entrance to the Underground Tunnel at Gezer (after Macalister)
26

61 The North Gate at Gezer (after Macalister)
26

62 Plans of the Underground Tunnel at Gezer (after Macalister)
27

63 Plan of Underground Tunnel at Gibeon (after Abel)
28

64 One of Solomon’s Pools
28

65 Post of City Gate, Samaria (after Reisner)
29

66 Part of City Wall and Gate, Samaria (after Reisner)
29

67 Road South of Gerizim
30

68 Lines of Roman Roads at Tell el-Ful
30

69 Roman Road North of Amman
30

70 A Granary at Gezer (after Macalister)
31

[Pg 2]

71 Some Roman Mile-Stones
31

72 Plan of a Granary at Gezer (after Macalister)
31

73 A Hoe (after Macalister)
32

74 An Egyptian Reaping (after Wreszinski)
32

75 A Sickle (after Wreszinski)
32

76 Plowshares from Megiddo (after Schumacher)
32

77 Egyptian Plowing (after Wilkinson)
33

78 A Modern Threshing-Floor
33

79 Egyptians Threshing and Winnowing (after Wilkinson)
33

80 Egyptian Threshing-Sledge (after Wilkinson)
33

81 A Saddle-Quern from Megiddo (after Schumacher)
34

82 A Rotary-Quern (after Macalister)
34

83 A Mortar and Pestle (after Macalister)
34

84 Two Women Grinding at a Mill (after Schumacher)
34

85 An Ancient Olive-Press (after Macalister)
35

86 A Modern Olive-Press (after Macalister)
35

87 A Wine Vat (after Macalister)
36

88 An Olive-Press at Work (after Macalister)
36

89 Cows’ Horns from Gezer (after Macalister)
37

90 Animals’ Heads from Gezer (after Macalister)
37

91 A Horse’s Bit from Gezer (after Macalister)
37

92 Drawings of Horses from Gezer (after Macalister)
37

93 A Clay Bird from Gezer (after Macalister)
38

94 A Cock from Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch)
38

95 A Bee-Hive from Gezer (after Macalister)
38

96 Pre-Semitic Jars (after Macalister)
39

97 Pre-Semitic Pottery (after Macalister)
39

98 Four Pitchers from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)
39

99 Three Pitchers from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)
39

100 A Jar from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)
39

101 Jugs from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)
40

102 A Jug from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)
40

103 A Jar from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)
40

104 Some Fine Pottery from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)
41

105 “Ear” and “Button” Jar-Handles (after Macalister)
41

106 A “Pillar” Handle (after Macalister)
41

107 A Flat-bottomed Jug (after Macalister)
41

108 A Painted Philistine Vase from Beth-shemesh (after Mackenzie)
42

109 War-Scene on Potsherd from Megiddo (after Schumacher)
42

110 Jars of Third Semitic Stratum from Beth-shemesh (after Mackenzie)
42

111 Hebrew Pottery from Megiddo (after Schumacher)
42

112 Hebrew Jars and Pitchers from Jericho (after Sellin)
43

113 Hebrew Pitchers and Bowls from Jericho (after Sellin)
43

114 A Funnel from Gezer (after Macalister)
44

115 A Potter’s Seal from Gezer (after Macalister)
44

116 An Inscribed Hebrew Jar-Stamp from the Shephelah (after Bliss and Macalister)
44

117 Hebrew Pottery from Gezer (after Macalister)
44

118 A Scarab used as a Jar-Stamp (after Macalister)
45

119 A Jar-Handle Stamped with a Scarab (after Macalister)
45

120 A Jar with Tapering Base from Gezer (after Macalister)
45

121 Hellenistic Filter from Gezer (after Macalister)
45

122 Hellenistic Pottery from Gezer (after Macalister)
45

[Pg 3]

[Pg 4]

123 Hellenistic Strainer from Gezer (after Macalister)
46

124 Roman Pots from Gezer (after Macalister)
46

125 Hellenistic Jar from Gezer (after Macalister)
46

126 A Lamp of the First Semitic Period, Megiddo (after Schumacher)
46

127 Lamps from the Second Semitic Period, Gezer (after Macalister)
47

128 Lamps from the Israelitish Period, Gezer (after Macalister)
47

129 A Byzantine Lamp from Jericho (after Sellin)
47

130 A Lamp bearing a Christian Legend (after Macalister)
47

131 Hellenistic Lamps from Gezer (after Macalister)
48

132 Hebrew Lamps from Jericho (after Sellin)
48

133 Ovens found at Gezer (after Macalister)
49

134 A Baking-Tray from Gezer (after Macalister)
49

135 Bronze Dishes from Gezer (after Macalister)
49

136 Shell Spoons from Gezer (after Macalister)
49

137 Silver Dishes from a Philistine Grave at Gezer (after Macalister)
50

138 Glass Ointment Vessels from Gezer (after Macalister)
50

139 Feeding-Bottles (?), Gezer (after Macalister)
51

140 Forks from Gezer (after Macalister)
51

141 Philistine Silver Ladle, Gezer (after Macalister)
51

142 Bronze Needles and Pins from Gezer (after Macalister)
51

143 Bone Needles from Gezer (after Macalister)
52

144 Modern Woman Spinning
52

145 Spindle Whorls from Gezer (after Macalister)
52

146 A Large Key from Gezer (after Macalister)
52

147 A Smaller Key from Gezer (after Macalister)
52

148 Lamp-Stands from Megiddo (after Schumacher)
53

149 Flint Knives from Jericho (after Sellin)
53

150 Iron Knives from Gezer (after Macalister)
54

151 Bronze Knives from Gezer (after Macalister)
54

152 A Chisel from Gezer (after Macalister)
55

153 A File from Gezer (after Macalister)
55

154 A Cone of Flint for making Knives, Gezer (after Macalister)
55

155 A Bronze Hammer-Head, Gezer (after Macalister)
55

156 A Fish-Hook, Gezer (after Macalister)
55

157 A Bone Awl-Handle from Gezer (after Macalister)
55

158 Whetstones from Jericho (after Sellin)
55

159 Nails from Gezer (after Macalister)
55

160 Axe-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister)
56

161 Carpenters’ Tools from Gezer (after Macalister)
56

162 A Scimitar from Gezer (after Macalister)
57

163 Impression of a Basket on Mud, Gezer (after Macalister)
57

164 Flint Arrow-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister)
57

165 Bronze Arrow-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister)
57

166 Bronze Swords from Gezer (after Macalister)
58

167 Bronze Spear-Heads, Gezer (after Macalister)
58

168 A Pipe from Gezer (after Macalister)
59

169 An Egyptian Harp (after Haupt)
59

170 An Assyrian Upright Harp (after Haupt)
59

171 An Assyrian Horizontal Harp (after Haupt)
59

172 A Babylonian Harp (after Haupt)
59

173 Jewish Harps on Coins of Bar Cocheba, 132-135 a. d. (after Madden)
59

[Pg 5]

174 Assyrian Dulcimer (after Haupt)
59

175 Seals from Gezer (after Macalister)
60

176 A Comb from Gezer (after Macalister)
60

177 Toys from Gezer (after Macalister)
60

178 Styli from Gezer (after Macalister)
60

179 Children’s Rattles from Gezer (after Macalister)
60

180 A Perfume-Box, Gezer (after Macalister)
61

181 A Necklace from Gezer (after Macalister)
61

182 Bracelets from Gezer (after Macalister)
61

183 Spatulæ from Gezer (after Macalister)
61

184 Rings from Gezer (after Macalister)
61

185 Supposed Hebrew Measures from Jerusalem (after Germer-Durand)
62

186 A Neseph Weight
63

187 A Payim Weight belonging to Haverford College
63

188 A Beqa Weight (after Torrey)
63

189 A “Daric” of Darius (after Benzinger)
63

190 A Tetradrachma of Alexander the Great (after Benzinger)
63

191 A Coin of Ptolemy Lagi (after Benzinger)
63

192 Half-Shekel of Simon the Maccabee (after Benzinger)
64

193 A Coin of John Hyrcanus (after Madden)
64

194 Tetradrachma of Lysimachus
64

195 A Coin of Augustus
64

196 A Denarius of Tiberius
64

197 A Coin of Claudius
64

198 A Coin of Herod the Great
64

199 A Roman Quadrans (?)
64

200 A Coin of Herod Agrippa I
64

201 A Shekel of the Revolt of a. d. 70
64

202 Cave-Dwellers’ Place of Sacrifice, Gezer (after Macalister)
65

203 Plan of Caves at Semitic High Place, Gezer (after Macalister)
65

204 “Pillars” of the High Place at Gezer
65

205 Rock-Altar at Megiddo (after Schumacher)
66

206 The “Beth-el” of Gezer (after Macalister)
66

207 The Supposed Serpent-Pen at Gezer (after Macalister)
66

208 The Rock-Altar at Jerusalem (after Dalman)
67

209 The Laver at Gezer (after Macalister)
67

210 The Terra-cotta Altar from Taanach (after Sellin)
68

211 Supposed High Place at Taanach (after Sellin)
68

212 High Place at Tell es-Safi (after Bliss and Macalister)
69

213 Libation Bowl from Taanach (after Sellin)
69

214 An Astarte Plaque from Gezer (after Macalister)
69

215 Plan of the High Place at Petra (after Brünnow)
70

216 Plan of Herod’s Temple at Samaria (after Lyon)
70

217 The Altar at Petra (after Brünnow)
71

218 The “Round Altar” at Petra (after Brünnow)
71

219 Supposed “Pillars” at Petra (after Brünnow)
71

219a A Brazen Serpent from Gezer (after Macalister)
72

220 Plan of Supposed Semitic Temple at Gezer (after Macalister)
72

221 Walls of Herod’s Temple, Samaria (after Reisner)
72

222 “Pillars” of a Supposed Temple, Gezer (after Macalister)
73

223 Chapel of the Palace at Megiddo (after Schumacher)
73

224 Voluted Capital (probably Philistine) from Megiddo (after Schumacher)
74

[Pg 6]

225 Incense-Burner from Megiddo (after Schumacher)
74

226 Philistine Graves, Gezer (after Macalister)
75

227 A Rock-hewn Tomb at Siloam (after Benzinger)
75

228 A Shaft-Tomb (after Bliss and Macalister)
75

229 A Cistern-Burial at Gezer (after Macalister)
75

230 A Columbarium at Petra (after Dalman)
76

231 Entrance to the Tomb of the Judges
76

232 A Sunken-Door Tomb (after Mitt. u. Nach. d. Deutsch. Palästina-Vereins)
77

233 Kokim in the Tomb of the Judges
77

234 Plan of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch)
78

235 A Cross-Section of the Tomb of the Judges
78

236 Architectural Decoration of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch)
79

237 Plan of the Upper Floor of the Tomb of the Judges
79

238 A Tomb with a Rolling-Stone at Beit Jibrin (after Moulton)
80

239 Interior of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch)
80

240 The Hills and Valleys of Jerusalem (after Vincent)
81

241 Underground Jebusite Tunnel at Gihon, Jerusalem (after Vincent)
82

242 Maudsley’s Scarp, Jerusalem
82

243 Plan of Solomon’s Buildings, Jerusalem (after Stade)
83

244 Phœnician Quarry-Marks, Jerusalem (after Warren)
83

245 Shaft at the Southeast Corner of the Temple Area (after Warren)
84

246 Examining Ancient Walls in an Underground Tunnel (after Warren)
84

247 Front Views of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade)
85

248 Side Views of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade)
85

249 Plan of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade)
86

250 The Seven-branched Lamp-Stand from the Arch of Titus
86

251 The Brazen Laver of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade)
87

252 A Portable Laver of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade)
87

253 Stone-Work of a Wall of Jerusalem built in the Fifth Century a. d.
88

254 Stone-Work in Nehemiah’s Wall, Jerusalem
88

255 Restoration of the Asmonæan Bridge over the Tyropœon Valley (after Hanauer)
89

256 Front of “David’s Tower” (Herod’s Palace) Today (after Breen)
89

257 Reconstruction of Herod’s Temple (after Caldecott)
90

258 “Solomon’s Stables”
90

259 One of the Supposed Pools of Bethesda (after Hanauer)
91

260 Front of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher
91

261 “Gordon’s Calvary,” looking toward Jerusalem (after Breen)
92

262 “Gordon’s Calvary,” from the City Wall (after Breen)
92

263 Outside of “Gordon’s Holy Sepulcher” (after Breen)
93

264 Inside of “Gordon’s Holy Sepulcher” (after Breen)
93

265 The Barada (Abana), Damascus
94

266 The Street Called Straight, Damascus
94

267 Palace at Kanatha (after Brünnow)
95

268 Circular Forum and Colonnaded Street, Gerasa
95

269 Temple of the Sun, Gerasa
96

270 Site of Rabbah Ammon
96

271 Theater at Amman (Palestinian Philadelphia)
97

272 Roman Forum at Athens
97

273 Mars’ Hill, Athens
98

274 Fountain in the Agora, Corinth
98

275 Lintel of Jewish Synagogue, Corinth (after Richardson)
99

276 Lechæum Road, Corinth (after Richardson)
99

[Pg 7]

277 Parthenon, Athens, from the East
100

278 Main Street at Ephesus
100

279 Site of the Temple of Diana, Ephesus, in 1902
101

280 The Theater, Ephesus
101

281 The Amphitheater, Ephesus
102

282 The Stadium, Ephesus
102

283 Pergamum (after Ramsay)
103

284 The Acropolis and partly Excavated Temple, Sardis (after Butler)
103

285 Excavated Temple, Sardis, looking toward the Hermus Valley (after Butler)
104

286 A Christian Church at Sardis (after Butler)
105

287 Smyrna (after Ramsay)
105

288 A Ruin at Laodicea (after Ramsay)
106

289 A Bridge over the Jordan on the Line of a Roman Road
106

290 Fragment of a Creation-Tablet
107

291 Assyrian Sacred Tree Conventionalized
107

292 Hammurapi Receiving the Laws from the Sun-God
107

293 The So-called Adam and Eve Seal
107

294 A Tablet from Nippur, Relating the Beginnings of Irrigation and Agriculture (after

Langdon)

108

295 Top of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser
108

296 Jehu of Israel Doing Homage to Shalmaneser
108

297 The Siloam Inscription
109

298 Sennacherib Receiving Tribute at Lachish (after Ball)
109

299 An Altar to Unknown Gods (after Deissmann)
110

300 The Moabite Stone
110

301 Papyrus Containing Sayings of Jesus (after Grenfell and Hunt)
111

MAPS

Map of Egypt to First Cataract
18

Map of the Ancient World
40

Map of Palestine
104

Plate

Map of Jerusalem in the Time of the Jebusites and David
112

Map of Solomon’s Jerusalem
112

Map of Jerusalem from Hezekiah to the Exile
113

Map of Nehemiah’s Jerusalem
113

Map of Asmonæan Jerusalem
114

Map of Herodian Jerusalem
114

EXPLANATION OF SIGNS

§ = section.

ibid. = the same.

op. cit. = work cited.

f. = and following page.
ff. = and following pages.

[Pg 8]

[Pg 9]